Editing Frédéric Chopin (section)

===Technique and performance style===
[[File:Op 62-1ms.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Extract from Chopin's [[Nocturnes, Op. 62 (Chopin)|Nocturne Op. 62 no. 1]] (1846, composer's manuscript)]]
[[File:Chopin op 62-1 pr.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The same passage (1881 [[G. Schirmer Inc.|Schirmer]] edition). The examples show Chopin's typical use of [[trill (music)|trills]], [[grace note]]s, and detailed [[pedal (piano)|pedalling]] and [[tempo]] instructions.]]
In 1841 [[Léon Escudier]] wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, "One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace."{{sfn|Kallberg|1994|p=136}} Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of a very independent finger technique. In his {{lang|fr|Projet de méthode}} he wrote: "Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering&nbsp;... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm."<ref>Cited in {{harvnb|Eigeldinger|1988|p=18}}</ref> He further stated: "One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity."<ref>Cited in {{harvnb|Eigeldinger|1988|p=23}}</ref> The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of [[grace notes]], and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands.{{sfn|Eigeldinger|1988|pp=18–20}}

[[Jonathan Bellman]] writes that modern concert performance style{{snd}}set in the "[[music school|conservatory]]" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings{{snd}}militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique.{{sfn|Bellman|2000|pp=149–150}} The composer himself said to a pupil that "concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art".<ref>Cited in {{harvnb|Bellman|2000|p=150}}; the pupil was Emilie von Gretsch.</ref> Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as "always crescendo to a high note", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring.{{sfn|Bellman|2000|pp=153–154}} Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin "has created a kind of chromatic embroidery&nbsp;... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe&nbsp;... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn".<ref>Cited in {{harvnb|Eigeldinger|1988|p=272}}</ref> Hiller wrote that "What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers."<ref>Cited in {{harvnb|Bellman|2000|p=154}}</ref>

Chopin's music is frequently played with ''[[Tempo rubato|rubato]]'', "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect".{{sfn|Latham|2011}} There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of ''rubato'' is appropriate for his works. [[Charles Rosen]] comments that "most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas&nbsp;... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart&nbsp;... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass&nbsp;... An allied form of this rubato is the [[arpeggio|arpeggiation]] of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil [[Karol Mikuli]], Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice."{{sfn|Rosen|1995|p=413}}
[[File:Chopin Museum in Warsaw 03.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Chopin's last ([[Pleyel et Cie|Pleyel]]) piano, used in 1848–49 ([[Fryderyk Chopin Museum]], Warsaw)]]
Chopin's pupil {{Ill|Friederike Müller|de|Friederike Müller (Pianistin)}} wrote:

{{quote|[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full ''[[forte (dynamic)|forte]]'' or softest ''[[Dynamics (music)|piano]]''. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this ''[[legato]]'', ''[[cantabile]]'' style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He{{snd}}or she{{snd}}does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced ''rubatos'', as well as exaggerated ''[[ritardando]]s''&nbsp;[...] and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.{{sfn|Müller-Streicher|1949|p=138}}}}