Editing Flagellum (section)

====Typology====
A number of terms related to flagella or cilia are used to characterize eukaryotes.<ref name = "Webster_Weber_2007" /><ref>{{cite book |last1= South |first1=GR |last2=Whittick |first2=A | year = 1987 | title = Introduction to Phycology | publisher = Blackwell Scientific Publications | location = Oxford | page = 65 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dOaODP4Oo5kC&pg=PA65 | isbn = 9781444314205 }}</ref><ref name = "Barsanti_2006">{{cite book | last1 = Barsanti | first1 = Laura | last2 =Gualtieri |first2=Paolo |year = 2006 | title = Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology | location = Florida, USA | publisher = CRC Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4ZQRWvr510C&pg=PA60 |isbn=9780203492598}}</ref>{{rp|60–63}}<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Dodge |first1=JD | year = 1973 | title = The Fine Structure of Algal Cells | publisher = Academic Press | location = London | pages = 57–79 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5e6FqXpRlv8C&pg=PA57 | isbn = 9780323158237 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Lee |first1=RE | year = 2008 | title = Phycology | edition = 4th | publisher = Cambridge University Press | page = [https://archive.org/details/phycology00leer_0/page/7 7] | url = https://archive.org/details/phycology00leer_0 | url-access = registration | quote = lee tubular hairs. | isbn = 9781139469876 }}</ref> According to surface structures present, flagella may be:
*whiplash flagella (= smooth, acronematic flagella): without hairs, e.g., in [[Opisthokonta]]
*hairy flagella (= tinsel, flimmer, pleuronematic flagella): with hairs (= [[mastigoneme]]s ''sensu lato''), divided in:
**with fine hairs (= non-tubular, or simple hairs): occurs in [[Euglenophyceae]], [[Dinoflagellata]], some [[Haptophyceae]] ([[Pavlovales]])
**with stiff hairs (= tubular hairs, retronemes, mastigonemes ''sensu stricto''), divided in:
***bipartite hairs: with two regions. Occurs in [[Cryptophyceae]], [[Prasinophyceae]], and some [[Heterokonta]]
***tripartite (= straminipilous) hairs: with three regions (a base, a tubular shaft, and one or more terminal hairs). Occurs in most [[Heterokonta]]
*stichonematic flagella: with a single row of hairs
*pantonematic flagella: with two rows of hairs
*acronematic: flagella with a single, terminal mastigoneme or flagellar hair (e.g., [[Bodonida|bodonid]]s);<ref>{{cite book |last1=Corliss |first1=J.O. |last2=Lom |first2=J |chapter=An annotated glossary of protozoological terms |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=J.J. |editor2-last=Leedale |editor2-first=G.F. |editor3-last=Bradbury |editor3-first=P. |title=An illustrated guide to the protozoa |edition=2nd |volume=2 |publisher=Society of Protozoologists |year=2000 |isbn=1891276239 |pages=1346–85 }}</ref> some authors use the term as synonym of whiplash
*with scales: e.g., [[Prasinophyceae]]
*with spines: e.g., some [[brown algae]]
*with undulating membrane: e.g., some [[kinetoplastid]]s, some [[parabasalid]]s
*with proboscis (trunk-like protrusion of the cell): e.g., [[apusomonad]]s, some [[Bodonida|bodonid]]s<ref name="Jeuck"/>

According to the number of flagella, cells may be: (remembering that some authors use "ciliated" instead of "flagellated")<ref name="Adl_2012"/><ref>{{cite book |last1= Sleigh |first1=M | year = 1989 | title = Protozoa and other Protists | publisher = Edward Arnold | location = London | pages = 98–99 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K2Y4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA98 | isbn = 9780521428057 }}</ref>
*uniflagellated: e.g., most [[Opisthokonta]]
*biflagellated: e.g., all [[Dinoflagellata]], the gametes of [[Charophyceae]], of most [[bryophyte]]s and of some [[metazoan]]s<ref name = "Austin_1995" />
*triflagellated: e.g., the gametes of some [[Foraminifera]]
*quadriflagellated: e.g., some [[Prasinophyceae]], [[Collodictyonidae]]
*octoflagellated: e.g., some [[Diplomonads|Diplomonada]], some [[Prasinophyceae]]
*multiflagellated: e.g., [[Opalinata]], [[Ciliophora]], ''[[Stephanopogon]]'', [[Parabasalid]]a, [[Hemimastigophora]], [[Caryoblastea]], ''[[Multicilia]]'', the gametes (or [[zoid]]s) of [[Oedogoniales]] ([[Chlorophyta]]), some [[pteridophyte]]s and some [[gymnosperm]]s

According to the place of insertion of the flagella:<ref>{{cite book | last1=Sparrow |first1=FK | year = 1960 | title = Aquatic phycomycetes | edition = 2nd | location = Ann Arbor | publisher = Michigan: University of Michigan Press | page = [https://archive.org/details/aquaticphycomyce00spar/page/15 15] | url = https://archive.org/details/aquaticphycomyce00spar }}</ref>
*opisthokont: cells with flagella inserted posteriorly, e.g., in [[Opisthokonta]] (Vischer, 1945). In [[Haptophyceae]], flagella are laterally to terminally inserted, but are directed posteriorly during rapid swimming.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Hibberd |first1=DJ | year = 1976 | title = The ultrastructure and taxonomy of the Chrysophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae (Haptophyceae): a survey with some new observations on the ultrastructure of the Chrysophyceae | journal = Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany | volume = 72 | issue = 2| pages = 55–80 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1976.tb01352.x }}</ref>
*akrokont: cells with flagella inserted apically
*subakrokont: cells with flagella inserted subapically
*pleurokont: cells with flagella inserted laterally

According to the beating pattern:
*gliding: a flagellum that trails on the substrate<ref name="Jeuck">{{cite journal |last1=Jeuck |first1=Alexandra |last2=Arndt |first2=Hartmut |title=A Short Guide to Common Heterotrophic Flagellates of Freshwater Habitats Based on the Morphology of Living Organisms |journal=Protist |date=November 2013 |volume=164 |issue=6 |pages=842–860 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2013.08.003 | pmid = 24239731 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
*heterodynamic: flagella with different beating patterns (usually with one flagellum functioning in food capture and the other functioning in gliding, anchorage, propulsion or "steering")<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sleigh | first1 = MA | year = 1985 | title = Origin and evolution of flagellar movement | url = http://opensample.info/fundamental-problems-of-movement-of-cilia-eukaryotic-flagella-and-related-systems-a-seminar-held-under-the-u-s-japan-cooperative-science-program | journal = Cell Motil | volume = 5 | pages = 137–138 | access-date = 21 February 2016 | archive-date = 3 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230957/http://opensample.info/fundamental-problems-of-movement-of-cilia-eukaryotic-flagella-and-related-systems-a-seminar-held-under-the-u-s-japan-cooperative-science-program | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*isodynamic: flagella beating with the same patterns

Other terms related to the flagellar type:
*isokont: cells with flagella of equal length. It was also formerly used to refer to the [[Chlorophyta]]
*anisokont: cells with flagella of unequal length, e.g., some [[Euglenophyceae]] and [[Prasinophyceae]]
*heterokont: term introduced by Luther (1899) to refer to the [[Xanthophyceae]], due to the pair of flagella of unequal length. It has taken on a specific meaning in referring to cells with an anterior straminipilous flagellum (with tripartite mastigonemes, in one or two rows) and a posterior usually smooth flagellum. It is also used to refer to the taxon [[Heterokonta]]
*stephanokont: cells with a crown of flagella near its anterior end, e.g., the gametes and spores of [[Oedogoniales]], the spores of some [[Bryopsidales]]. Term introduced by Blackman & Tansley (1902) to refer to the [[Oedogoniales]]
*akont: cells without flagella. It was also used to refer to taxonomic groups, as Aconta or Akonta: the [[Zygnematophyceae]] and [[Bacillariophyceae]] (Oltmanns, 1904), or the [[Rhodophyceae]] (Christensen, 1962)