Editing Ferdinand Marcos (section)

===Social unrest after the balance of payments crisis===
Marcos's spending during the campaign triggered growing public unrest,<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain">{{cite book |last1=Robles |first1=Raissa |url=https://www.facebook.com/MarcosMartialLawNeverAgain/ |title=Marcos Martial Law: Never Again |date=2016 |publisher=Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc. |isbn=978-621-95443-1-3 |location=[[Quezon City]] |access-date=July 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209051128/https://www.facebook.com/MarcosMartialLawNeverAgain/ |archive-date=February 9, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and led opposition figures such as Senator [[Lorenzo Tañada]], Senator [[Jovito Salonga]], and Senator [[Jose W. Diokno]] to accuse Marcos of wanting to stay in power beyond the two term constitutional limit.<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" />

Opposition groups quickly grew in the campuses.<ref name="Passionate" /><ref name="Daroy1988" />

===="Moderate" and "radical" opposition====
Media reports classified the various civil society groups opposing Marcos into either "moderates" or "radicals".<ref name="Daroy1988">{{Cite book |title=Dictatorship and revolution : roots of people's power |last=Daroy |first=Petronilo Bn. |date=1988 |publisher=Conspectus |isbn=978-9919108014 |editor-last=Javate -de Dios |editor-first=Aurora |edition= 1st |location=Metro Manila |chapter=On the Eve of Dictatorship and Revolution |oclc=19609244 |editor-last2=Daroy |editor-first2=Petronilo Bn. |editor-last3=Kalaw-Tirol |editor-first3=Lorna}}</ref> The moderates included church groups, civil libertarians, and nationalist politicians who wanted political reforms.<ref name="Passionate" /> Radicals included labor and student groups who wanted more systemic political reforms.<ref name="Passionate" /><ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest">{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest-appendix/ |title=A History of the Philippine Political Protest |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705180022/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest-appendix/ |archive-date=July 5, 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref>

=====Moderates=====
{{See also|Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties}}

Statesmen and politicians opposed to the increasingly authoritarian administration mostly focused their efforts on political efforts.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" /> Their concerns usually included election reform, calls for a non-partisan constitutional convention, and a call for Marcos to comply with the Constitutional term limit.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" /><ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" />

Proponents included the National Union of Students in the Philippines,<ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" /> the National Students League (NSL),<ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" /> and later the [[Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties]] (MCCCL), led by Senator [[Jose W. Diokno]].<ref name="Daroy1988" />

MCCCL rallies were remembered for their diversity, attracting moderate and radical camps; and for their scale, attended by as many as 50,000 people.<ref name="Daroy1988" />

=====Radicals=====
{{See also|National Democracy Movement (Philippines)}}

The other broad category of opposition groups were those who wanted more systemic political reforms, usually as part of the [[National Democracy Movement (Philippines)|National Democracy movement]].<ref name="Passionate" /><ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" /> The Marcos administration included moderate groups under the radical umbrtella.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Aquino |first=Ninoy |title=Testament from a Prison Cell |publisher=Philippine Journal, Incorporated |year=1989 |isbn=978-0962169502 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

Groups considered radical by the media included:<ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" />
* [[Kabataang Makabayan]] (KM)
* [[Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan]] (SDK)
* Student Cultural Association of the University of the Philippines (SCAUP)
* Movement for Democratic Philippines (MDP)
* Student Power Assembly of the Philippines (SPAP)
* [[Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataang Pilipino]] (MPKP)

====Radicalization====
{{Main|Communist Party of the Philippines}}

When Marcos became president, ine policy and politics functioned under a postwar geopolitical framework.<ref name="WorldBank">{{cite web |url=http://www.cadtm.org/The-World-Bank-and-the-Philippines |title=The World Bank and the Philippines |last=Toussaint |first=Eric |date=October 7, 2014 |website=www.cadtm.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109191929/http://www.cadtm.org/The-World-Bank-and-the-Philippines |archive-date=November 9, 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref> The Philippines was caught up in the [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] scare perpetuated by the US during the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Rabindra |date=June 2005 |journal=Jadavpur Journal of International Relations |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–92 |doi=10.1177/0973598405110005 |issn=0973-5984|title=Philippines – U.S. Special Relationship: Cold War and Beyond|s2cid=157525312}}</ref> Marcos and the AFP claimed that the Communist Party of the Philippines was a threat, even though it was still a small organization.<ref name="RebellionRepressionPh" />{{rp|page=43}}<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /> Richard J. Kessler claimed that Marcos "mythologized the group, investing it with a revolutionary aura that only attracted more supporters".

The unrest of 1969 to 1970, and the violent reaction to the "First Quarter Storm" protests were watershed events in which Filipino students of the 1970s were radicalized against Marcos. Many students who had previously held "moderate" positions (i.e., calling for legislative reforms) became convinced that more radical social change was required.<ref name="Rodis">{{Cite news |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm |title=Remembering the First Quarter Storm |last=Rodis |first=Rodel |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=January 27, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131131959/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm/ |archive-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Lacaba 1982 11–45, 157–178">{{Cite book|title=Days of Disquiet, Nights of Rage: The First Quarter Storm & Related Events|last=Lacaba|first=Jose F.|publisher=Salinlahi Pub. House|year=1982|location=Manila|pages=11–45, 157–178}}</ref>

Other events that radicalized moderates included the February 1971 [[Diliman Commune]]; the August 1971 suspension of the writ of ''[[habeas corpus]]'' in the wake of the [[Plaza Miranda]] [[Plaza Miranda bombing|bombing]]; the September 1972 [[Proclamation No. 1081|declaration of martial law]]; the 1980 [[murder of Macli-ing Dulag]];<ref name="Aureus 1985">{{Cite book |title=The Philippine Press Under Siege II |year=1985 |editor-last=Aureus |editor-first=Leonor J.}}</ref> and the August 1983 [[assassination of Ninoy Aquino]].<ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" />

By 1970, campus study sessions on [[Marxism–Leninism]] had become common, and many students joined organizations associated with the National Democracy Movement (ND), such as the Student Cultural Association of the University of the Philippines (SCAUP) and the [[Kabataang Makabayan]] (KM, lit. ''Patriotic Youth'') founded by [[Jose Maria Sison]];<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|title=Finishing the Unfinished Revolution|last=Torrevillas-Suarez|first=Domini|date=March 29, 1970|work=Philippine Panorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.up.edu.ph/signposts-in-the-history-of-activism-in-the-university-of-the-philippines/|title=Signposts in the History of Activism in the University of the Philippines|last=Guillermo|first=Ramon|date=February 6, 2013|website=[[University of the Philippines]]|access-date=November 19, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127024018/http://www.up.edu.ph/signposts-in-the-history-of-activism-in-the-university-of-the-philippines/|archive-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref> the [[Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan]] (SDK) was founded by a group of young writers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article15837 |title=Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan: some basic information |website=Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières |access-date=April 7, 2020 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731131001/http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article15837 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The line between leftist activists and communists became blurred, as a significant number of radicalized activists joined the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]]. Radicalized activists from the cities began to be more extensively deployed in rural areas where some became guerillas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 14, 2011|title=The Communist Insurgency in the Philippines: Tactics and Talks|url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/202-the-communist-insurgency-in-the-philippines-tactics-and-talks.pdf|website=International Crisis Group|access-date=September 19, 2021|archive-date=September 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919162932/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/202-the-communist-insurgency-in-the-philippines-tactics-and-talks.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Santos|first1=Soliman M. Jr.|title=Primed and Purposeful: Armed Groups and Human Security Efforts in the Philippines|last2=Santos|first2=Paz Verdades M.|last3=Dinampo|first3=Octavio A.|last4=Kraft|first4=Herman Joseph S.|last5=Paredes|first5=Artha Kira R.|last6=Quilop|first6=Raymund Jose G.|publisher=Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies|year=2010|isbn=978-2-940415-29-8|editor-last=Rodriguez|editor-first=Diana|location=Geneva|pages=3, 17–35}}</ref>