Editing Federal Reserve (section)

=== Federal Advisory Council ===
{{Main|Federal Advisory Council}}

The Federal Advisory Council (FAC) is a statutory body established under the [[Federal Reserve Act]] of 1913 to provide the [[Federal Reserve Board of Governors|Board of Governors]] of the Federal Reserve System with insights and recommendations from the banking industry and regional economic perspectives. Comprising one representative from each of the 12 Federal Reserve Districts, the Council meets at least four times annually in [[Washington, D.C.]] to discuss economic and banking issues and offer advisory opinions to the Board. Each [[Federal Reserve Bank|Federal Reserve Bank’s]] board of directors selects its district’s representative, typically a senior executive from a member bank, ensuring diverse geographic and institutional input.<ref name="initial" />

==== Role and Responsibilities ====
The FAC serves as a critical link between the Federal Reserve System and the private banking sector, offering non-binding recommendations on monetary policy, banking regulations, and economic conditions. Unlike the [[Federal Open Market Committee]] (FOMC), the FAC has no decision-making authority but provides a formal channel for bankers to share practical insights from their districts. Its discussions often cover topics such as credit availability, interest rate trends, financial stability, and emerging risks in the banking system. For example, the FAC has historically advised on issues like the implementation of the [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act|Dodd-Frank Act]] and responses to economic crises, including the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Federal Advisory Council,” www.federalreserve.gov, accessed April 18, 2025.</ref>

The Council’s recommendations are submitted in writing to the Board of Governors after each meeting and are included in the Board’s annual report to [[United States Congress|Congress]]. These reports provide a public record of the FAC’s views, though detailed minutes of discussions remain confidential to encourage candid exchanges. The FAC’s advisory role complements the Board’s data-driven analyses by incorporating real-world perspectives from commercial banking operations.<ref>Federal Reserve Board, “Annual Report to Congress,” 2024, www.federalreserve.gov/publications/annual-report.htm.</ref>

==== Selection and Composition ====
Each of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks nominates one FAC member, subject to approval by the Board of Governors. Candidates are typically presidents, CEOs, or senior officers of member banks, chosen for their expertise in banking and familiarity with their district’s economic conditions. The selection process aims to balance representation across large and small banks, as well as urban and rural districts, to reflect the diversity of the U.S. banking system. Members serve one-year terms but may be reappointed, with many serving multiple years to provide continuity.<ref>Meltzer, Allan H., ''A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 1: 1913–1951'', University of Chicago Press, 2003, p. 89.</ref>

The FAC elects its own president and vice president annually to lead meetings and coordinate with the Board of Governors. By law, the Council must represent the interests of member banks while considering broader public welfare, ensuring that its advice aligns with the Federal Reserve’s dual mandate of price stability and maximum employment.<ref>''Federal Reserve Act'', Section 12, 12 U.S.C. § 262 (1913).</ref>

==== Historical Context and Impact ====
Since its establishment, the FAC has played a key role in shaping the Federal Reserve’s understanding of the banking sector’s needs. During the [[Great Depression]], FAC recommendations influenced policies to stabilize failing banks, including the creation of the [[Reconstruction Finance Corporation]]. In the post-[[World War II]] era, the Council advised on managing inflation and credit expansion as the U.S. economy grew. More recently, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the FAC provided input on emergency lending facilities, such as the [[Main Street Lending Program]], to support businesses and mitigate economic fallout.<ref>Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Main Street Lending Program,” www.federalreserve.gov, accessed April 18, 2025.</ref>

The FAC’s influence is evident in its ability to highlight regional economic disparities. For instance, representatives from rural districts might emphasize agricultural lending challenges, while those from urban centers focus on commercial real estate trends. This regional perspective helps the Board of Governors tailor policies to address localized economic issues within the national framework.<ref>Eichengreen, Barry, ''Hall of Mirrors: The Great Depression, the Great Recession, and the Uses—and Misuses—of History'', Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 112.</ref>

==== Meetings and Operations ====
FAC meetings are held at the [[Federal Reserve’s Eccles Building]] in Washington, D.C., typically over two days, and include presentations from Board of Governors staff on current economic data and policy proposals. Members engage in structured discussions, often responding to specific questions posed by the Board. The Council may also initiate topics based on district-level observations, such as shifts in consumer lending or cybersecurity risks in banking.<ref>Federal Reserve Board, “Federal Advisory Council Meeting Notices,” www.federalreserve.gov, accessed April 18, 2025.</ref>

To maintain independence, FAC members are not compensated for their service, though their travel and accommodation expenses are reimbursed by the Federal Reserve. The Council’s operations are funded through assessments on the Federal Reserve Banks, consistent with the Federal Reserve System’s self-financing structure.<ref>Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Financial Statements,” 2024, www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/combinedfinstmt2024.pdf.</ref>

==== Criticism and Reforms ====
The FAC has faced criticism for its close ties to the banking industry, with some arguing that it prioritizes the interests of large banks over consumers or smaller institutions. Critics, including former Congressman [[Ron Paul]], have called for greater transparency in FAC deliberations, suggesting that public access to meeting minutes could enhance accountability. In response, the Federal Reserve has emphasized that the FAC’s role is purely advisory and that its recommendations are subject to rigorous review by the Board of Governors.<ref>Paul, Ron, ''End the Fed'', Grand Central Publishing, 2009, p. 145.</ref>

In recent years, the FAC has sought to broaden its perspective by including representatives from community banks and credit unions, reflecting changes in the banking landscape. Efforts to diversify membership aim to ensure that the Council’s advice encompasses the needs of underserved communities and smaller financial institutions.<ref>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, “Community Banking in the 21st Century,” 2023, www.stlouisfed.org/community-banking.</ref>