Editing Expressionism (section)

===Music===
{{Main|Expressionism (music)}}
The term expressionism "was probably first applied to music in 1918, especially to Schoenberg", because like the painter Kandinsky he avoided "traditional forms of beauty" to convey powerful feelings in his music.<ref>''The Norton Grove Concise Encyclopedia of Music'', ed Stanley Sadie. New York: Norton1991, p. 244.</ref> [[Arnold Schoenberg]], [[Anton Webern]] and [[Alban Berg]], the members of the [[Second Viennese School]], are important [[Expressionism (music)|Expressionist]]s (Schoenberg was also an expressionist painter).<ref>Theodor Adorno, ''Night Music: Essays on Music'' 1928–1962. (London: Seagull, 2009), p.274-8.</ref>  Other composers that have been associated with expressionism are [[Ernst Krenek|Krenek]] (the Second Symphony), [[Paul Hindemith]] (''The Young Maiden''), [[Igor Stravinsky]] (''Japanese Songs''), [[Alexander Scriabin]] (late piano sonatas) (Adorno 2009, 275). Another significant expressionist was [[Béla Bartók]] in early works, written in the second decade of the 20th century, such as ''[[Bluebeard's Castle]]'' (1911),<ref>Nicole V. Gagné, ''Historical Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Classical Music'' (Plymouth, England: Scarecrow Press, 2011), p.92.</ref> ''[[The Wooden Prince]]'' (1917),<ref>Andrew Clements, "Classical preview: The Wooden Prince", ''The Guardian'', 5 May 2007.</ref> and ''[[The Miraculous Mandarin]]'' (1919).<ref>''[[Cambridge Companions to Music|The Cambridge Companion to Bartók]]'', ed. Amanda Bayley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p.152.</ref> Important precursors of expressionism are [[Richard Wagner]] (1813–1883), [[Gustav Mahler]] (1860–1911), and [[Richard Strauss]] (1864–1949).<ref>"Expressionism," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2000. {{cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com |title=MSN Encarta : Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Atlas, and Homework |access-date=2012-06-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030221948/http://encarta.msn.com/ |archive-date=2009-10-30}}; Donald Mitchell, ''Gustav Mahler: The Wunderhorn Years: Chronicles and Commentaries''. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2005</ref>

[[Theodor Adorno]] describes expressionism as concerned with the unconscious, and states that "the depiction of fear lies at the centre" of expressionist music, with dissonance predominating, so that the "harmonious, affirmative element of art is banished" (Adorno 2009, 275–76). ''[[Erwartung]]'' and ''Die Glückliche Hand'', by Schoenberg, and ''[[Wozzeck]]'', an opera by Alban Berg (based on the play ''[[Woyzeck]]'' by [[Georg Büchner]]), are examples of Expressionist works.<ref>Edward Rothstein ''New York Times'' Review/Opera: "Wozzeck; The Lyric Dresses Up Berg's 1925 Nightmare In a Modern Message". ''New York Times'' February 3, 1994; Theodor Adorno, ''Night Music'' (2009), p.276.</ref> If one were to draw an analogy from paintings, one may describe the expressionist painting technique as the distortion of reality (mostly colors and shapes) to create a nightmarish effect for the particular painting as a whole.  Expressionist music roughly does the same thing, where the dramatically increased dissonance creates, aurally, a nightmarish atmosphere.<ref>Theodor Adorno, ''Night Music'' (2009), pp275-6.</ref>