Editing Enema (section)

=== Other ===
* There have been a few cases in remote or rural settings, where rectal fluids have been used to rehydrate a person. Benefits include not needing to use sterile fluids.<ref name="pmid19856644">{{cite journal |last1=Tremayne |first1=Vincent |title=Proctoclysis: emergency rectal fluid infusion |journal=Nursing Standard |date=23 September 2009 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=46–48 |doi=10.7748/ns2009.09.24.3.46.c7271 |pmid=19856644 }}</ref>
* Introducing healthy bacterial flora through infusion of stool, known as a [[fecal microbiota transplant]], was first performed in 1958 employing retention enemas. Enemas remained the most common method until 1989, when alternative administration means were developed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bakken |first1=Johan S. |last2=Borody |first2=Thomas |last3=Brandt |first3=Lawrence J. |last4=Brill |first4=Joel V. |last5=Demarco |first5=Daniel C. |last6=Franzos |first6=Marc Alaric |last7=Kelly |first7=Colleen |last8=Khoruts |first8=Alexander |last9=Louie |first9=Thomas |last10=Martinelli |first10=Lawrence P. |last11=Moore |first11=Thomas A. |last12=Russell |first12=George |last13=Surawicz |first13=Christina |author14=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Workgroup |title=Treating Clostridium difficile Infection With Fecal Microbiota Transplantation |journal=Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology |date=December 2011 |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1044–1049 |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2011.08.014 |pmid=21871249 |pmc=3223289 }}</ref> As of 2013, [[colonoscope]] implantation has been preferred over fecal enemas because by using the former method, the entire colon and ileum can be inoculated, but enemas reach only to the [[splenic flexure]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Fecal microbiota transplantation: past, present and future |issue=1 |pages=79–84 |author=Olga C. Aroniadis |author2=Lawrence J. Brandt |date=January 2013 |journal=Current Opinion in Gastroenterology |volume=29 |publisher=[[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]] |doi=10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835a4b3e |pmid=23041678 |s2cid=39943619 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A patient unable to be fed otherwise can be [[nutrition|nourished]] by an [[enteral administration]] of predigested foods, which is known as a [[nutrient enema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nutrient+enema |title=nutrient enema |work=The Free Dictionary |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]] |access-date=2019-05-01 }}</ref> This treatment is ancient, dating back at least to the second century CE when documented by [[Galen]],<ref name=Galen/> and commonly used in the Middle Ages,<ref name="pmid20766702">{{cite journal |vauthors=Short AR, Bywaters HW |title=Amino-Acids and Sugars in Rectal Feeding |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=2739 |pages=1361–1367 |date=June 1913 |pmid=20766702 |pmc=2299894 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2739.1361 |jstor=25302025}}</ref> remaining a common technique in 19th century,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mackenzie JW |title=The nutrient enema |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=18 |issue=93 |pages=22–27 |date=March 1943 |pmid=21032242 |pmc=1987791 |doi=10.1136/adc.18.93.22}}</ref> and as recently as 1941 the [[United States Department of War|U. S. military]]'s manual for hospital diets prescribes their use.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/dw/33320860R/PDF/33320860R.pdf |title=War Department Technical Manual Hospital Diets |date=October 13, 1941 |work=Technical Manuals |publisher=[[United States Department of War]] |access-date=2019-05-01 }}</ref> Nutrient enemas have been superseded in modern medical care by [[tube feeding]] and [[Parenteral nutrition|intravenous feeding]].{{Citation needed|reason=|date=May 2019}}
* Enemas have been used around the time of childbirth; however, there is no evidence that this practice is beneficial and it is now discouraged.<ref name=Enemas_during_labour>{{cite web |url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0010611/ |title = Enemas during labour |date = 4 July 2013 |website = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Plain Language Summaries |publisher = National Institutes of Health (NIH) |access-date = 14 June 2016 }}</ref>