Editing Endosymbiont (section)

==== Fungal endophytes ====
Fungal endophytes can be found in all plant tissues. Fungi living below the ground amidst plant roots are known as [[mycorrhiza]], but are further categorized based on their location inside the root, with prefixes such as ecto, endo, arbuscular, ericoid, etc. Fungal endosymbionts that live in the roots and extend their extraradical [[hyphae]] into the outer [[rhizosphere]] are known as ectendosymbionts.<ref name="Salhi-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Salhi LN, Bustamante Villalobos P, Forget L, Burger G, Lang BF |date=Sep 2022 |title=Endosymbionts in cranberry: Diversity, effect on plant growth, and pathogen biocontrol |journal=Plants, People, Planet |language=en |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=511–522 |doi=10.1002/ppp3.10290 |s2cid=250548548 |issn=2572-2611|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Roth R, Paszkowski U |title=Plant carbon nourishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |journal=Current Opinion in Plant Biology |volume=39 |pages=50–56 |date=October 2017 |pmid=28601651 |doi=10.1016/j.pbi.2017.05.008 |series=39 Cell signalling and gene regulation 2017 |bibcode=2017COPB...39...50R }}</ref>

===== Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) =====
[[Arbuscular mycorrhiza|Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi]] or AMF are the most diverse plant microbial endosymbionts. With exceptions such as the [[Ericaceae]] family, almost all vascular plants harbor [[Arbuscular mycorrhiza|AMF]] endosymbionts as endo and ecto as well. AMF plant endosymbionts systematically colonize [[Root|plant roots]] and help the plant host acquire soil [[nutrient]]s such as nitrogen. In return it absorbs plant organic carbon products.<ref name="Salhi-2022" /> [[Plant root exudates]] contain diverse secondary metabolites, especially [[flavonoids]] and [[strigolactones]] that act as [[plant communication|chemical signals]] and attracts the AMF.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Oldroyd GE, Harrison MJ, Paszkowski U |title=Reprogramming plant cells for endosymbiosis |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5928 |pages=753–754 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19423817 |doi=10.1126/science.1171644 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..753O |s2cid=206518892 }}</ref> AMF ''[[Gigasporaceae|Gigaspora]] margarita'' lives as a plant endosymbiont and also harbors further endosymbiont intracytoplasmic bacterium-like organisms.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bianciotto V, Bandi C, Minerdi D, Sironi M, Tichy HV, Bonfante P |title=An obligately endosymbiotic mycorrhizal fungus itself harbors obligately intracellular bacteria |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=62 |issue=8 |pages=3005–3010 |date=August 1996 |pmid=8702293 |pmc=168087 |doi=10.1128/aem.62.8.3005-3010.1996 |bibcode=1996ApEnM..62.3005B }}</ref> AMF generally promote plant health and growth and alleviate [[abiotic stress]]es such as salinity, drought, heat, poor nutrition, and [[metal toxicity]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Begum N, Qin C, Ahanger MA, Raza S, Khan MI, Ashraf M, Ahmed N, Zhang L |display-authors=6 |title=Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Growth Regulation: Implications in Abiotic Stress Tolerance |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=10 |pages=1068 |date=2019 |pmid=31608075 |pmc=6761482 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2019.01068 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Individual AMF species have different effects in different hosts – introducing the AMF of one plant to another plant can reduce the latter's growth.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Herre EA, Mejía LC, Kyllo DA, Rojas E, Maynard Z, Butler A, Van Bael SA |date=March 2007 |title=Ecological implications of anti-pathogen effects of tropical fungal endophytes and mycorrhizae |journal=Ecology |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=550–558 |bibcode=2007Ecol...88..550H |doi=10.1890/05-1606 |pmid=17503581}}</ref>

===== Endophytic fungi =====
Endophytic fungi in [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic]] relations directly benefit and benefit from their host plants. They also can help their hosts succeed in polluted environments such as those contaminated with toxic metals.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Domka AM, Rozpaądek P, Turnau K |title=Are Fungal Endophytes Merely Mycorrhizal Copycats? The Role of Fungal Endophytes in the Adaptation of Plants to Metal Toxicity |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=10 |pages=371 |date=2019 |pmid=30930857 |pmc=6428775 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.00371 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Fungal [[endophyte]]s are taxonomically diverse and are divided into categories based on mode of transmission, [[biodiversity]], in planta colonization and host plant type.<ref name="Rodriguez-2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodriguez RJ, White JF, Arnold AE, Redman RS |title=Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles |journal=The New Phytologist |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=314–330 |date=Apr 2009 |pmid=19236579 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009NewPh.182..314R }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Purahong W, Hyde KD |date=2011-03-01 |title=Effects of fungal endophytes on grass and non-grass litter decomposition rates |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0083-8 |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1007/s13225-010-0083-8 |s2cid=43678079 |issn=1878-9129}}</ref> Clavicipitaceous fungi systematically colonize temperate season grasses. Non-clavicipitaceous fungi colonize higher plants and even roots and divide into subcategories.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005-05-24 |title=Evolutionary Development of the Clavicipitaceae |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781420027891-33/evolutionary-development-clavicipitaceae |journal=The Fungal Community |language=en |pages=525–538 |doi=10.1201/9781420027891-33|isbn=9780429116407 }}</ref> ''[[Aureobasidium]] ''and ''[[Preussia (fungus)|preussia]]'' species of endophytic fungi isolated from ''[[Boswellia sacra]]'' produce [[Indole-3-acetic acid|indole acetic acid]] [[hormone]] to promote plant health and development.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan AL, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Al-Farsi Z, Al-Mamari A, Waqas M, Asaf S, Elyassi A, Mabood F, Shin JH, Lee IJ |display-authors=6 |title=Endophytic Fungi from Frankincense Tree Improves Host Growth and Produces Extracellular Enzymes and Indole Acetic Acid |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=e0158207 |date=2016-06-30 |pmid=27359330 |pmc=4928835 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0158207 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1158207K |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Aphid]]s can be found in most plants. Carnivorous [[Coccinellidae|ladybirds]] are aphid predators and are used in [[pest control]]. Plant endophytic fungus ''[[Neotyphodium lolii]]'' produces [[alkaloid]] [[mycotoxin]]s in response to [[aphid]] invasions. In response, ladybird predators exhibited reduced [[fertility]] and abnormal reproduction, suggesting that the mycotoxins are transmitted along the [[food chain]] and affect the [[Predation|predators]].<ref name="Fungal plant endosymbionts alter li"/>