Editing Einsteinium (section)

==Applications==
There is almost no use for any isotope of einsteinium outside basic scientific research aiming at production of higher [[transuranium element]]s and [[superheavy element]]s.<ref>[http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele099.html It's Elemental – The Element Einsteinium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710170841/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele099.html |date=2019-07-10 }}. Retrieved 2 December 2007.</ref>

In 1955, [[mendelevium]] was synthesized by irradiating a target consisting of about 10{{sup|9}} atoms of {{sup|253}}Es in the 60-inch cyclotron at Berkeley Laboratory. The resulting {{sup|253}}Es(α,n){{sup|256}}Md reaction yielded 17 atoms of the new element with the atomic number of 101.<ref name="discovery">{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.98.1518|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&pg=PA101|isbn=978-981-02-1440-1|title=New Element Mendelevium, Atomic Number 101|date=1955|last1=Ghiorso|first1=A.|last2=Harvey|first2=B.|last3=Choppin|first3=G.|last4=Thompson|first4=S.|last5=Seaborg|first5=G.|journal=Physical Review|volume=98|pages=1518–1519|issue=5|bibcode=1955PhRv...98.1518G|access-date=2016-01-05|archive-date=2016-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518212418/https://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&pg=PA101|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The rare isotope [[isotopes of einsteinium|{{sup|254}}Es]] is favored for production of [[superheavy element]]s due to its large mass, relatively long half-life of 270 days, and availability in significant amounts of several micrograms.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schadel|first1=M.|last2=Bruchle|first2=W.|last3=Brugger|first3=M.|last4=Gaggeler|first4=H.|last5=Moody|first5=K.|last6=Schardt|first6=D.|last7=Summerer|first7=K.|last8=Hulet|first8=E.|last9=Dougan|first9=A.|first10=R.|last10=Dougan|first11=J.|last11=Landrum|first12=R.|last12=Lougheed|first13=J.|last13=Wild|first14=G.|last14=O'Kelley|first15=R.|last15=Hahn|title=Heavy isotope production by multinucleon transfer reactions with {{sup|254}}Es|journal=Journal of the Less Common Metals|volume=122|pages=411–417|date=1986|doi=10.1016/0022-5088(86)90435-2|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1253958|access-date=2018-10-29|archive-date=2020-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125002148/https://zenodo.org/record/1253958|url-status=live}}</ref> Hence {{sup|254}}Es was used as a target in the attempted synthesis of [[ununennium]] (element 119) in 1985 by bombarding it with [[calcium-48]] ions at the superHILAC [[linear particle accelerator]] at Berkeley, California. No atoms were identified, setting an upper limit for the cross section of this reaction at 300 [[barn (unit)|nanobarns]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Search for superheavy elements using {{sup|48}}Ca + {{sup|254}}Es{{sup|g}} reaction|author=Lougheed, R. W.|author2=Landrum, J. H.|author3=Hulet, E. K.|author4=Wild, J. F.|author5=Dougan, R. J.|author6=Dougan, A. D.|author7=Gäggeler, H.|author8=Schädel, M.|author9=Moody, K. J.|author10=Gregorich, K. E.|author11=Seaborg, G. T.|name-list-style=amp|journal=Physical Review C|date=1985|pages=1760–1763|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760|pmid=9953034|volume=32|issue=5|bibcode = 1985PhRvC..32.1760L }}</ref>
:<chem>{^{254}_{99}Es} + {^{48}_{20}Ca} -> {^{302}_{119}Uue^\ast} -> no\ atoms</chem>
{{sup|254}}Es was used as the calibration marker in the chemical analysis spectrometer ("[[Surveyor 5#Alpha-scattering surface analyzer|alpha-scattering surface analyzer]]") of the [[Surveyor 5]] lunar probe. The large mass of this isotope reduced the spectral overlap between signals from the marker and the studied lighter elements of the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.158.3801.635|title=Chemical Analysis of the Moon at the Surveyor V Landing Site|date=1967|last1=Turkevich|first1=A. L.|last2=Franzgrote|first2=E. J.|last3=Patterson|first3=J. H.|journal=Science|volume=158|issue=3801|pages=635–637|pmid=17732956|bibcode = 1967Sci...158..635T |s2cid=21286144}}</ref>