Editing Eindhoven (section)

==Economy==
Eindhoven has grown from a small town in 1232 to one of the biggest cities in the [[Netherlands]] with over 240,000 inhabitants in 2022. Much of its growth is due to [[Philips]], [[DAF Trucks]] and [[Brabantia]]. Among recent high-tech companies based in Eindhoven are [[NXP Semiconductors]], [[Sendcloud]], and [[Signify (company)|Signify]].

After the resurrection of the Netherlands in 1815 and the end of the [[Belgian Revolution]], Eindhoven was a small village of some 1250 people in an economically backward and mostly agricultural area. Cheap land, cheap labor and the existence of pre-industrial [[homesourcing]] (''huisnijverheid'' in Dutch) made Eindhoven an attractive area for the developing industries which were being stimulated by the government of [[William I of the Netherlands|King William I]]. During the 19th century, Eindhoven grew into an industrial town with factories for [[textile industry|textile weaving]], cigar manufacturing, [[match]] making and hat making. Most of these industries disappeared again after [[World War II]], though.
[[File:Aanzicht op de Lichttoren en gebouw ED en EC, met links de Emmasingel en rechts de Mathildelaan - Eindhoven - 20338971 - RCE.jpg|thumb|left|{{ill|Light Tower (Eindhoven)|lt=Light Tower|nl|Lichttoren (Eindhoven)}} in 2000]]

In 1891, brothers [[Gerard Philips|Gerard]] and [[Anton Philips]] founded the small light bulb factory that would grow into one of the largest electronics firms in the world. [[Philips]]' presence is probably the largest single contributing factor to the major growth of Eindhoven in the 20th century. It attracted and spun off many [[High tech|hi-tech]] companies, making Eindhoven a major technology and industrial hub. In 2005, a full third of the total amount of money spent on research in the Netherlands was spent in or around Eindhoven. A quarter of the jobs in the region are in technology and [[Information technology|ICT]], with companies such as [[FEI Company]] (once Philips Electron Optics), [[NXP Semiconductors]] (formerly Philips Semiconductors), [[ASML Holding|ASML]], [[ALTEN]], Simac, Neways Electronics and the aforementioned Philips and DAF.

Eindhoven has long been a centre of cooperation between research institutes and industry. This tradition started with Philips (the [[Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium|NatLab]] was a physical expression of this) and has since expanded to large cooperative networks. The [[Eindhoven University of Technology]] hosts an incubator for technology startups and the NatLab has developed into the [[High Tech Campus Eindhoven]]. Also, [[Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research|TNO]] has opened a branch on the university campus. This tradition has also fostered inter-industry cooperation in the region; one example of this is the announcement in September 2010 of a new research lab for high-grade packaging materials, a cooperation of [[IPS Packaging (Netherlands)|IPS Packaging]] and [[Thales Nederland|Thales Cryogenics]].<ref name="PackagingLab">{{cite web |url=http://www.technischweekblad.nl/nieuw-testlab-voor-hoogwaardige-verpakkingen.108164.lynkx |title=Nieuw testlab voor hoogwaardige verpakkingen |first=Joop |last=Wenstedt |date=25 September 2010 |work=[[Technisch Weekblad]] |publisher=Uitgeverij Bèta Publishers |location=[[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |language=nl |trans-title=New testing lab for high-grade packaging materials |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233939/http://www.technischweekblad.nl/nieuw-testlab-voor-hoogwaardige-verpakkingen.108164.lynkx |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

This cooperative tradition has also developed into a different direction than the traditional technology research done at the university. Starting in 2002, the university, the Catharina hospital, Philips Medical and the [[University of Maastricht]] joined forces and started joint research into [[biomedical science]], [[biomedical technology|technology]] and [[biomedical engineering|engineering]]. Within Eindhoven, this research has been concentrated in a new university faculty (BioMedical Technology or BMT). This development has also made Eindhoven a biomedical technology hub within the country and its (European) region.
[[File:Overzicht - Eindhoven - 20396788 - RCE.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Evoluon]] building initially hosted a science museum; it is now a [[Exhibition center|conference center]].]]

Prime examples of industrial heritage in Eindhoven are the renovated Witte Dame (''"White Lady"'') complex, a former Philips lamp factory; and the Admirant building (informally known as Bruine Heer or ''"Brown Gentleman"'' in reference to the Witte Dame across the street), the former Philips main offices. The Witte Dame currently houses the municipal library, the [[Design Academy Eindhoven|Design Academy]] and a selection of shops. The Admirant has been renovated into an Office building for small companies. Across the street from the Witte Dame and next to the Admirant is Philips' first light bulb factory (nicknamed Roze Baby, or ''"Pink Baby"'', in reference to its pink colour and much smaller size when compared to the "White Lady" and "Brown Gentleman"). The small building now houses the "Centrum Kunstlicht in de Kunst" (centre artificial light in art)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kunstlichtkunst.nl/ |title=Centrum kunstlicht in de kunst te Eindhoven. Museum voor lichtkunst en lichteffecten |language=nl |publisher=Kunstlichtkunst.nl |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=6 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306155220/http://www.kunstlichtkunst.nl/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the "Philips Incandescent Lamp Factory of 1891" museum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philipsfabriek1891.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010124030300/http://www.philipsfabriek1891.nl/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2001 |title=Philips gloeilampenfabriekje anno 1891 |publisher=Philipsfabriek1891.nl |access-date=5 May 2009 }}</ref>

===Knowledge economy initiatives===
Due to its high-tech environment, Eindhoven is part of several initiatives to develop, foster and increase a [[knowledge economy]]. Chief among these are:

*Brainport Top Technology Region,<ref name="Brainport">{{cite web|url=http://www.brainport.nl |title=Brainport |website=Brainport.nl |date=18 February 2017 |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> a cooperative initiative of local government, industry and the [[Eindhoven University of Technology]] to develop the local knowledge economy of the Eindhoven region.
*Brainport Development,<ref name="BrainportDevelopment">{{cite web |url=http://www.brainportdevelopment.nl/en/ |title=Home – Brainport Development |website=Brainportdevelopment.nl |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220161456/http://www.brainportdevelopment.nl/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> an extension of the Top Technology Region, Brainport Development serves as the Eindhoven's regional innovation agency to maintain its position as an innovation hub.<ref>Morisson, A. & Doussineau, M. (2019). Regional innovation governance and place-based policies: design, implementation and implications. Regional Studies, Regional Science,6(1),101–116. https://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21681376.2019.1578257.</ref>
*Samenwerkingsverband Regio Eindhoven,<ref name="SRE">{{cite web |url=http://www.sre.nl/web/show |title=SRE - Uitgelicht |access-date=29 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408230745/http://www.sre.nl/web/show |archive-date=8 April 2010}}</ref> a cooperative agreement among the municipalities in the Eindhoven metropolitan area.
*The Eindhoven-Leuven-Aachen triangle,<ref name="ELAt">[http://www.elat.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313190025/http://www.elat.org/|date=13 March 2014}}</ref> a cooperation agreement between the universities and surrounding regions of Eindhoven, [[Leuven]] ([[Belgium]]) and [[Aachen]] (Germany).

The Intelligent Community Forum named the Eindhoven metro region the No. 21 intelligent community in 2008 and the No. 7 intelligent community in 2009 and 2010.<ref name="ICFIntelComm2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?src=news&srctype=detail&category=Partner%20News&refno=582 |title=Intelligent Community Forum Announces Top Seven Intelligent Communities of 2011 |date=19 January 2011 |publisher=Intelligent Community Forum |access-date=23 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722103029/http://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?src=news&srctype=detail&category=Partner%20News&refno=582 |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="NRC20110122-Brabo-Techniek">{{cite news |title=Brabantse techniek terug in de wereld |first=Renée |last=Postma |url=http://digitaleeditie.nrc.nl/NH/2011/0/20110122___/3_13/article5.html |newspaper=[[NRC Handelsblad]] |page=13 |access-date=23 January 2011 |language=nl |trans-title=Brabant technology back in the world}}</ref> In 2011, the ICF named Eindhoven the Intelligent Community of the Year.<ref name="ICFIntelComm2011Winner">{{cite web|url=http://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?src=news&srctype=detail&category=Partner%20News&refno=629 |title=ICF Names Eindhoven Region of the Netherlands as its Intelligent Community of the Year 2011 |date=3 June 2011 |publisher=Intelligent Community Forum |access-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726181907/http://www.intelligentcommunity.org/index.php?src=news&srctype=detail&category=Partner%20News&refno=629 |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> Since 2012, Eindhoven has vanished from the top 7 of intelligent communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.intelligentcommunity.org/top7|title=The Top7 Intelligent Communities of the Year|website=Intelligent Community Forum}}</ref>

===EIT co-location===
Eindhoven is one of the co-location centres of the [[European Institute of Innovation and Technology]] (EIT).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |title=European Institute of Innovation and Technology: Home |publisher=Eit.europa.eu |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328175502/http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |archive-date=28 March 2010}}</ref> It hosts two Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KICs): Innoenergy (Sustainable Energy) and EIT ICT Labs (Information and Communication Technology). The co-locations are on the [[High Tech Campus Eindhoven]].