Editing Economy of Israel (section)

====Recent discoveries ====
In 2000, a 33-billion-cubic-metre (BCM), or 1,200-billion-cubic-foot, natural-gas field was located offshore [[Ashkelon]], with commercial production starting in 2004. {{As of|2014}} however, this field is nearly depleted—earlier than expected due to increased pumping to partially compensate for the loss of imported Egyptian gas in the wake of unrest associated with the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011|fall of the Mubarak regime in 2011]]. In 2009, a significant gas find named [[Tamar gas field|Tamar]], with [[proven reserves]] of 223 BCM or {{convert|223|e9m3|disp=out}} (307 BCM total proven + probable) was located in deep water approximately {{convert|90|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} west of [[Haifa]], as well as a smaller 15 BCM ({{convert|15|e9m3|disp=out}}) field situated nearer the coastline.<ref name= gas4>{{cite press release |title=Delek Group Subsidiaries Announce Preliminary Results of 3D Seismic Survey & Updates on Tamar & Mari-B Fields |publisher=[[Delek Group]] |date=3 June 2010 |url=http://ir.delek-group.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=160695&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1433914 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121124140/http://ir.delek-group.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=160695&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1433914 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 January 2013 |access-date=3 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name= gas2>{{cite news |title=Tamar offshore field promises even more gas than expected |first=Avi |last=Bar-Eli |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/tamar-offshore-field-promises-even-more-gas-than-expected-1.281861 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=12 August 2009 |access-date=17 October 2012 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731042041/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/tamar-offshore-field-promises-even-more-gas-than-expected-1.281861 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name= gas3>{{cite news |title=Noble increases Tamar gas reserve estimate 15 pct |first=Steven |last=Scheer |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/06/03/israel-naturalgas-idUSLDE65209Q20100603 |work=Reuters|date=3 June 2010 |access-date=17 October 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145408/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/06/03/israel-naturalgas-idUSLDE65209Q20100603 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name= TamarUpd>{{cite web|title=Tamar Reserves Update|url=http://maya.tase.co.il/bursa/report.asp?report_cd=875826-00&CompCd=232&Type=Pdf|publisher=Isramco Negev 2, LP.|access-date=2 February 2014|page=2|date=1 February 2014|archive-date=29 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329184559/http://maya.tase.co.il/bursa/report.asp?report_cd=875826-00&CompCd=232&Type=Pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, results of 3D seismic surveys and test drilling conducted since 2010 have confirmed that an estimated 621 BCM ({{convert|621|e9m3|disp=out}}) natural-gas deposit named [[Leviathan gas field|Leviathan]] exists in a large underwater geological formation nearby the large gas field already discovered in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Solomon|first1=Shoshanna|last2=Khan|first2=Sarmad|title=Israel Shares Rise as Gas Field Reserves Are Increased|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-07-13/dubai-stocks-climb-on-property-profit-prospects-abu-dhabi-gains.html|access-date=13 July 2014|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=13 July 2014|archive-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026053728/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-07-13/dubai-stocks-climb-on-property-profit-prospects-abu-dhabi-gains.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= gas5>{{cite press release |title=Significant Discovery Announced at Leviathan-1 |publisher=[[Delek Group]] |date=29 December 2010 |url=http://ir.delek-group.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=160695&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1511164 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121090330/http://ir.delek-group.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=160695&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1511164 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 January 2013 |access-date=30 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Barkat|first=Amiram|title=Leviathan gas reserves raised again|url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000840788|access-date=1 May 2013|newspaper=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]|date=1 May 2013|author2=Koren, Hillel|archive-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916032306/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000840788|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Tamar field began commercial production on 30 March 2013 after four years of development.<ref>{{cite news|last=Solomon|first=Shoshanna|title=Israel Begins Gas Production at Tamar Field in Boost to Economy|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-30/israel-begins-gas-production-at-tamar-field-in-boost-to-economy.html|access-date=30 March 2013|date=30 March 2013|author2=Ackerman, Gwen|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|archive-date=31 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331221346/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-30/israel-begins-gas-production-at-tamar-field-in-boost-to-economy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The supply of gas from Tamar was expected to aid the Israeli economy, which had suffered losses of more than [[Israeli new shekel|₪]]20 billion between 2011 and 2013 resulting from the disruption of gas supplies from neighboring Egypt (and which are not expected to resume due to Egypt's decision to indefinitely suspend its gas supply agreement to Israel).<ref>{{cite news|last=Barkat|first=Amiram|title=Israel in talks to export gas via Egypt|url=http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-1000904162|access-date=18 April 2013|newspaper=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]|date=24 December 2013|archive-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013150407/http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-1000904162|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Barkat|first=Amiram|script-title=he:עצמאות אנרגטית: החלה הזרמת הגז הטבעי ממאגר "תמר"; צפוי להגיע לישראל תוך 24 שעות|url=http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000833050|access-date=30 March 2013|newspaper=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]|date=30 March 2013|language=he|trans-title=Energy Independence: Gas from Tamar Expected to Arrive in 24 Hours|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804130409/https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000833050|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, Israel, as well as its other neighbor Jordan, which also suffered from disruption of gas deliveries from Egypt, had to resort to importing significantly more expensive and polluting liquid heavy fuels as substitute sources of energy. The ensuing energy crisis in Israel was lifted once the Tamar field came online in 2013, while Jordan committed to a US$10 billion, 15-year gas supply deal totaling 45 BCM from the Israeli Leviathan field which is scheduled to come online in late 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Leviathan partners say all conditions met to supply natgas to Jordan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-jordan-natgas/leviathan-partners-say-all-conditions-met-to-supply-natgas-to-jordan-idUSL5N1QP1NO|access-date=10 March 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|date=7 March 2018|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730220544/https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-jordan-natgas/leviathan-partners-say-all-conditions-met-to-supply-natgas-to-jordan-idUSL5N1QP1NO|url-status=live}}</ref> The agreement is estimated to save Jordan US$600 million per year in energy costs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Omari|first1=Raed|title=Lands for Israel gas pipeline acquired|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/lands-israel-gas-pipeline-acquired%E2%80%99|access-date=10 March 2018|work=[[The Jordan Times]]|date=8 March 2018|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730223316/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/lands-israel-gas-pipeline-acquired%E2%80%99|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the owners of the Tamar and Leviathan fields announced that they are negotiating an agreement with a consortium of Egyptian firms for the supply of up to 64 BCM of gas over 10 years valued at up to US$15 billion.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel announces major gas deal with Egypt|url=http://www.dw.com/en/israel-announces-major-gas-deal-with-egypt/a-42647022|access-date=10 March 2018|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=19 February 2018|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804135113/https://www.dw.com/en/israel-announces-major-gas-deal-with-egypt/a-42647022|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2012 the Israeli cabinet announced plans to set up a [[sovereign wealth fund]] (called "the [[Israeli Citizens' Fund]]").<ref>{{cite news|title=Cabinet outlines plan for sovereign wealth fund|url=http://www.jpost.com/Business/BusinessNews/Article.aspx?id=258495|access-date=20 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=19 February 2012|author=Shemer, Nadav|author2=Udasin, Sharon|archive-date=27 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227182904/http://www.jpost.com/Business/BusinessNews/Article.aspx?id=258495|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Field<ref>[http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=1875 Israel's Natural Gas Bonanza] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722040619/http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=1875 |date=22 July 2009 }}. ''Energy Tribune''. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.</ref>
! Discovered
! Production
! Estimated size
|-
| Noa North
| 1999<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beckwith|first=Robin|title=Israel's Gas Bonanza|journal=Journal of Petroleum Technology|volume=63|issue=3|date=March 2011|url=http://www.spe.org/jpt/print/archives/2011/03/12Israel.pdf|access-date=5 February 2012|page=46|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610043943/http://www.spe.org/jpt/print/archives/2011/03/12Israel.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2012|url-status=dead|doi=10.2118/0311-0046-JPT}}</ref>
| 2012 to 2014
| originally, {{convert|50|e9cuft|e9m3|abbr=off}}; field depleted
|-
| Mari-B
| 2000
| 2004 to 2015
| originally, {{convert|1|e12cuft|e9m3|abbr=off}}; field depleted
|-
| [[Tamar gas field|Tamar]]
| 2009
| 2013
| {{convert|10.8|e12cuft|e9m3|abbr=off}}<ref name= TamarUpd/>
|-
| Dalit
| 2009
| Not in production
| {{convert|700|e9cuft|e9m3|abbr=off}}
|-
| [[Leviathan gas field|Leviathan]]
| 2010
| 2019
| {{convert|22|e12cuft|e9m3|abbr=off}}
|-
| Dolphin
| 2011
| Not in production
| {{convert|81.3|e9cuft|e9m3|abbr=off}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Yeshayahou|first=Koby|title=Dolphin gas field estimate cut by 85%|url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000723882&fid=1725|access-date=26 July 2012|newspaper=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]|date=12 February 2012|archive-date=17 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217201408/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000723882&fid=1725|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tanin gas field|Tanin]]
| 2012
| Not in production
| {{convert|1.2|-|1.3|e12cuft|e9m3|abbr=off}}
|-
| [[Karish gas field|Karish]]
| 2013
| 2022
| {{convert|2.3|-|3.6|e12cuft|e9m3|abbr=off}}
|}