Editing Doppelgänger (section)

==Scientific applications==
Research has found that people who are "true" look-alikes have more similar genes than people who do not look like each other. They share [[Face#Variability|genes affecting not only the face]] but also some [[phenotype]]s of physique and [[Behavioural genetics|behavior]], also indicating that (their) differences in the [[epigenome]] and [[microbiome]] contribute [[Multiomics|only modestly]] to [[human variability]] in facial appearance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=Ricky S. |last2=Rigau |first2=Maria |last3=García-Prieto |first3=Carlos A. |last4=Moura |first4=Manuel Castro de |last5=Piñeyro |first5=David |last6=Moran |first6=Sebastian |last7=Davalos |first7=Veronica |last8=Carrión |first8=Pablo |last9=Ferrando-Bernal |first9=Manuel |last10=Olalde |first10=Iñigo |last11=Lalueza-Fox |first11=Carles |last12=Navarro |first12=Arcadi |last13=Fernández-Tena |first13=Carles |last14=Aspandi |first14=Decky |last15=Sukno |first15=Federico M. |last16=Binefa |first16=Xavier |last17=Valencia |first17=Alfonso |last18=Esteller |first18=Manel |title=Look-alike humans identified by facial recognition algorithms show genetic similarities |journal=Cell Reports |date=23 August 2022 |volume=40 |issue=8 |page=111257 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111257 |pmid=36001980 |language=English |issn=2211-1247|doi-access=free|hdl=10230/54047 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Golembiewski |first=Kate |date=23 August 2022 |title=Your Doppelgänger Is Out There and You Probably Share DNA With Them |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/23/science/doppelgangers-twins-dna.html |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[Heautoscopy]] is a [[glossary of psychiatry|term used in psychiatry]] and neurology for the [[hallucination]] of "seeing one's own body at a distance".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Damas Mora JM, Jenner FA, Eacott SE | title=On heautoscopy or the phenomenon of the double: Case presentation and review of the literature| journal=Br J Med Psychol | year=1980 | volume=53 | pages= 75–83 | pmid=6989391 | issue=1 | doi=10.1111/j.2044-8341.1980.tb02871.x}}</ref> It can occur as a symptom in [[schizophrenia]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Blackmore |first=Susan |year=1986 |title=Out-of-Body Experiences in Schizophrenia: A Questionnaire Survey |url=http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/JNMD86.htm |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease]] |volume=174 |issue=10 |pages=615–619 |doi=10.1097/00005053-198610000-00006 |pmid=3760852 |s2cid=24509827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503013427/http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/JNMD86.htm |archive-date=3 May 2014}}</ref> and [[epilepsy]], and is considered a possible explanation for doppelgänger phenomena.<ref>Brugger, P; Agosti, R; Regard, M; Wieser, H. G; Landis, T (1994). "Heautoscopy, epilepsy, and suicide". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgergy and Psychiatry 57: 838–839.</ref>

Criminologists find a practical application in the concepts of facial familiarity and similarity due to the instances of wrongful convictions based on [[eyewitness testimony]]. In one case, a person spent 17 years behind bars persistently denying any involvement with the crime of which he was accused. He was finally released after someone was found who shared a striking resemblance and the same first name.<ref>Mary Emily O'Hara. [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/kansas-inmate-freed-after-doppelganger-found-17-years-later-n770951 Kansas Inmate Freed After Doppelganger Found 17 Years Later] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613075716/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/kansas-inmate-freed-after-doppelganger-found-17-years-later-n770951 |date=13 June 2017 }}, ''NBC News'', 12 June 2017.</ref>

In 1914, Otto Rank began to study the concept of the Doppelgänger and its potential in psychoanalysis.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ruers |first=Jamie |title=The Uncanny |url=https://www.freud.org.uk/2019/09/18/the-uncanny/ |website=Freud Museum London |date=18 September 2019 |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> Later, in 1919, Sigmund Freud would expand on the psychoanalytical value of Doppelgängers in his work ''The Uncanny''. Freud explains that the Doppelgänger, or 'the double,' is an idea rooted in the narcissism of children and is found in mirrors, guardian spirits, souls, and the thoughts of terror associated with death. The double begins as a comforting symbol of immortality, but it soon ends as a bringer of death.<ref>{{cite web |title=The "Uncanny" (1919) |url=https://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/freud1.pdf |website=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> The Doppelgänger is also a manifestation of repressed thoughts related to the psychoanalytical concept of negation. The negation involved with the appearance of the Doppelgänger is used as a tool to map out an individual's ego.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2006 |publisher=University of Wisconsin |journal=[[SubStance]] |volume=35 |number=2 |last=Vardoulakis |first=Dimitris |title=The Return of Negation: The Doppelgänger in Freud's "The 'Uncanny{{'"}} |pages=100–116 |doi=10.1353/sub.2006.0038 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2137530 |via=[[Academia.edu]] }}</ref>