Editing Dili (section)

====Water and sanitation====
[[File:2020-05-05 Kanal in Aimutin.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Very shallow water flowing through a concrete channel flanked by banana trees|A canal in western Dili]]
Access to clean water and sanitation is an issue for some households.<ref name="SDP2011"/>{{rp|84–85}} Over $250&nbsp;million was invested by the UN and other organisations to build Dili's water infrastructure. Existing water sources and transportation infrastructure are considered sufficient to meet the immediate needs of the city, although work continues to improve quality and reliability.<ref name="Vitor2015"/>{{rp|109}} In 2007, 25% of residents received 24 hours of water.<ref name="ADB2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/38189/38189-022-pcr-en.pdf |title=Timor-Leste: Dili Urban Water Supply Sector Project |publisher=Asian Development Bank |date=September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713150043/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/38189/38189-022-pcr-en.pdf |url-status=live }}<!--from https://www.adb.org/projects/38189-022/main--></ref>{{rp|1}} As of 2013, while 36% of households were connected to the water supply system, half Dili received less than six hours of water a day.<ref name="ADB2013water">{{Cite web |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/82547/45227-001-tacr.pdf |title=Timor-Leste: Strengthening Water Sector Management and Service Delivery, Dili Water Supply System PPP Technical Analysis |last1=Costin |first1=Graham |last2=Dewhirst |first2=Rob |publisher=Asian Development Bank |date=March 2013 |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183419/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/82547/45227-001-tacr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|5}} Furthermore, water quality was irregular, with boiling advised.<ref name="ADB2013water"/>{{rp|16}} By 2015, it remained the case that less than 30% of those in Dili had access to a continuous water supply.<ref name="WSP2015"/>{{rp|56}} In 2018, water remained available on average from 4 to 8 hours.<ref name="ADB2018"/>{{rp|16}}

Water is managed by the [[National Directorate of Water and Sanitation Services]] (Dirasaun Nasional Sistema Agua no Saneamentu/DNSAS), which derives 60% of water supplies from groundwater. This groundwater extraction began in the 1980s, and accelerated after independence. Private entities also pump water from the [[aquifer]] without regulation.<ref name="Pinto2016"/>{{rp|264, 272–274, 277}} Despite the inconsistency of supply, 91% of those in urban areas have some access to safe drinking water,<ref name="McWilliam2015"/>{{rp|226}} with sources including pumps, public taps, and wells and [[borehole]]s.<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|2–17}} Some households have tanks installed to alleviate the impact of service interruptions.<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|5–10}} Half of the city's water comes from a local aquifer, and there are four [[water treatment plant]]s at the southern edges of the city.<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|5–9, 5–10}} [[Water tariff]]s were put in place in 2004, but were removed in 2006 following the [[2006 East Timorese crisis]].<ref name="WSP2015"/>{{rp|14}} By 2010 {{convert|27.821|m3}} of water was pumped from the aquifer each day, almost as fast as the aquifer could refill.<ref name="Pinto2016"/>{{rp|274}} Trials for water tariff re-introduction began in 2013.<ref name="WSP2015"/>{{rp|16}} Increasing usage has led to the aquifer, the Dili Groundwater Basin, being unable to match demand during the dry season. An increasing number of wells has increased demand, while development altering drainage patterns has limited recharge rates. The aquifer is constrained by the ocean on one side and mountains on the others. Downstream areas also face saltwater intrusion.<ref name="Pinto2016">{{cite book |last1=Pinto |first1=Domingos |last2=Shrestha |first2=Sangam |editor1-last=Shrestha |editor1-first=Sangam |editor2-last=Pandey |editor2-first=Vishnu Prasad |editor3-last=Thatikonda |editor3-first=Shashidhar |editor4-last=Shivakoti |editor4-first=Binaya Raj |title=Groundwater Environment in Asian Cities: Concepts, Methods and Case Studies |date=11 February 2016 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=9780128031674 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aV6dBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 |chapter=Groundwater Environment in Dili, Timor-Leste |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327140849/https://books.google.com/books?id=aV6dBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 |url-status=live }}<!--Do not use for early history, copied from Wikipedia--></ref>{{rp|263–264}}

Dili is the location of the country's water testing laboratory, and thus its water quality is regularly monitored.<ref name="WSP2015"/>{{rp|28, 55}} The lack of manufacturing in the city is thought to have limited potential water pollution. However, pollution risks emerge from the common discharge of untreated household water,<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|2–19}} and leakage from latrine pits into the soil<ref name="WSP2015"/>{{rp|41}} and relatively high water table.<ref name="WSP2015"/>{{rp|43}} Water stores in households, as well as from some wells, has been found to have bacteriological contamination.<ref name="Pinto2016"/>{{rp|282}} As of 2010, only 16% of households emptied their latrine pits.<ref name="WSP2015"/>{{rp|41}} Hera and Tibar lack water treatment plants, with residents relying on boreholes and delivery by water trucks.<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|5–10, 5–11}} As of 2010, daily demand was 32,000&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> in Dili proper, 520&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> in Hera, and 220&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> in Tibar.<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|5–11}}

[[File:2020-10-11 Culuhun B - Estrada de Culuhun.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Disconnected blue water pipe discharging water at around head height|A water pipe in the east of the city]]
Drainage infrastructure is insufficient to handle the wet season, with drains often being blocked and resultant flooding being common.<ref name="SDP2011"/>{{rp|72}} This creates property damage and health concerns.<ref name="SDP2011"/>{{rp|84–85}} Thirty-six water channels lie within the city in addition to its rivers. These often collect rainwater; however, the growing urbanisation of the city is reducing [[Infiltration (hydrology)|infiltration]] capacity, worsening flood risks.<ref>{{Citation |first1=Octávio |last1=Almeida |first2=J Piedade |last2=Brás |first3=G |last3=Da Cruz |contribution=The Geography of Dili and the Flood Control Problems |contribution-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298787277_THE_GEOGRAPHY_OF_DILI_AND_THE_FLOOD_CONTROL_PROBLEMS |series=The 2nd Makassar International Conference on Civil Engineering |date=August 2015 |page=1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412142537/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298787277_THE_GEOGRAPHY_OF_DILI_AND_THE_FLOOD_CONTROL_PROBLEMS |url-status=live }}</ref> There is no city-wide sewerage system.<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|I-4}}<ref name="WSP2015"/>{{rp|5}} As of 2010, only 30.3% of households had access to a sceptic tank. The most common sewage disposal system was pit latrines, which were used by 50.7% of households.<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|2–18}} Among households with toilets, 97% were flushed through the manual pouring of water.<ref name="WSP2015"/>{{rp|41}} Wastewater is often collected from some areas by trucks.<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|5–18}} Some wastewater is treated in ponds in Tasitolu.<ref name="Ximenes">{{cite web |url=https://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/RT2_06_Timor_Leste.pdf |title=Waste Management in Timor-Leste |last=Ximenes |first=Carlos |publisher=Ministry of Economy and Development |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711131540/https://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/RT2_06_Timor_Leste.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Dili also has one of the country's two [[Fecal sludge management|septage treatment facilities]].<ref name="WSP2015"/>{{rp|19}} A Sanitation and Drainage Masterplan was created for the city in 2012, envisioning the creation of eight wastewater treatment systems in the city by 2025.<ref name="WSP2015"/>{{rp|15}}

As of 2014, Dili produces 108 tons of [[solid waste]] per day, over half of which is [[Biodegradation|biodegradable]]. The government-funded waste collection system covers Cristo Rei, Dom Aleixo, Nain Feto, and Vera Cruz, with waste being collected by a mixture of government trucks and private trucks contracted by the government. Collected waste is disposed in a landfill in Tibar,<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|I-11, 5–28, 5–29}} which was established during the Indonesian period.<ref name="Ximenes"/> Metal collected by [[waste picker]]s is sold to Malaysia and Singapore for recycling, while some biodegradable waste is composted by a private company. Some waste is [[Incineration|burnt]].<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|I-11, 5–28, 5–29}} Waste collection schedules are variable, with some areas receiving daily collection and some receiving none. Collection is less frequent in Hera and Tibar than in Dili proper.<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|3–21}}

There are 14 hospitals around the Dili metropolitan area, nine in Dom Aleixo, three in Vera Cruz, one in Cristo Rei (in Hera), and one in Tibar. Dom Aleixo also has two health centres, with Cristo Rei having one health centre in Dili proper, and Nain Feto also having a health centre.<ref name="JICA2016"/>{{rp|3–18, 3–19}} The National Hospital of Timor-Leste is located in Dili, catering to [[Primary health care|primary]] and secondary [[health care]]. A specialist hospital is planned to be constructed by 2030 to deal with diseases, such as cancer, that are currently treated outside of the country.<ref name="SDP2011"/>{{rp|38}}