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====Animals and the first soils==== Primitive arthropods co-evolved with this diversified terrestrial vegetation structure. The evolving co-dependence of insects and seed plants that characterized a recognizably modern world had its genesis in the Late Devonian Epoch. The development of soils and plant root systems probably led to changes in the speed and pattern of [[erosion]] and sediment deposition. The rapid evolution of a terrestrial ecosystem that contained copious animals opened the way for the first [[vertebrate]]s to seek terrestrial living. By the end of the Devonian, arthropods were solidly established on the land.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gess |first1=R.W. |year=2013 |title=The earliest record of terrestrial animals in Gondwana: A scorpion from the Famennian (Late Devonian) Witpoort Formation of South Africa |url=http://africaninvertebrates.org/ojs/index.php/AI/article/view/284 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906073206/http://africaninvertebrates.org/ojs/index.php/AI/article/view/284 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 September 2013 |journal=[[African Invertebrates]] |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=373β379 |doi=10.5733/afin.054.0206|bibcode=2013AfrIn..54..373G |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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