Editing Deobandi movement (section)

==Organizations==
{{main|List of Deobandi organisations}}

===Jamiat Ulema-I-Hind===
{{Main article|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind}}
Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind is one of the leading Deobandi organizations in India. It was founded in British India in 1919 by [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]], [[Sanaullah Amritsari]] and several other scholars including [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]] who was elected its first interim president.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=45}} The Jamiat has propounded a theological basis for its nationalistic philosophy. Their thesis is that Muslims and non-Muslims have entered upon a mutual contract in India since independence, to establish a secular state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding the Attraction of Salafi and Wahhabi Movements {{!}} IPCS |url=https://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=4755 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.ipcs.org}}</ref> The Constitution of India represents this contract.<ref>{{citation |last=Smith |first=Donald Eugene |title=India as a Secular State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zXWCgAAQBAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7778-2 |at=p.&nbsp;144, note&nbsp;7}}</ref>

===Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam===
[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] (JUI) is a Deobandi organization, part of the Deobandi movement.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2411683.stm |work=BBC News |title=Profile: Maulana Fazlur Rahman |date=2002-11-06 |first=Haroon |last=Rashid}}</ref> The '''JUI''' formed when members broke from the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] in 1945 after that organization backed the [[Indian National Congress]] against the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s lobby for a separate Pakistan.{{cn|date=May 2024}} The first president of the JUI was [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]].

===Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam===
[[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]] ({{langx|ur|مجلس احرارلأسلام}}), also known in short as '''Ahrar''', was a conservative Deobandi political party in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[British Raj]] (prior to the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]]) founded 29 December 1929 at [[Lahore]]. [[Chaudhry Afzal Haq]], [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]], [[Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi]], [[Mazhar Ali Azhar]], [[Zafar Ali Khan]] and [[Dawood Ghaznavi]] were the founders of the party.<ref>Ahmad, Syed N. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wzm36rEol3sC Origins of Muslim consciousness in India: a world-system perspective]''. New York u.a: Greenwood Press, 1991. p. 175</ref> The Ahrar was composed of Indian Muslims disillusioned by the [[Khilafat Movement]],<ref name="Barbhuiya2020">{{cite book |last1=Barbhuiya |first1=Atiqur Rahman |title=Indigenous People of Barak Valley |publisher=Notion Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-64678-800-2 |quote=Muslim politics in India opened a new chapter after the formation of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1919 A.D. under the initiative of [[Ulema]] of [[Deoband]]. It was founded by the dedicated freedom fighter Sheikh-Ul-Hindi Maulana Mahmudul Hasan of Darul-Uloom, Deoband. Jamiat played a very active role in India's freedom struggle.}}</ref><ref name="McDermottGordonEmbreeDalton2014">{{cite book |title=Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-231-13830-7 |editor1-last=McDermott |editor1-first=Rachel Fell |edition=3rd |series=Introduction to Asian Civilizations |volume=2 |location=New York |page=457 |chapter=To Independence and Partition |jstor=10.7312/mcde13830.15 |editor2-last=Gordon |editor2-first=Leonard A. |editor3-last=Embree |editor3-first=Ainslie T. |editor4-last=Pritchett |editor4-first=Frances W. |editor5-last=Dalton |editor5-first=Dennis |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8qJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA457}}</ref><ref name="Ali2011" /> which cleaved closer to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].<ref name="jaf">Christophe Jaffrelot. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&q=militia&pg=PA243 A history of Pakistan and its origins]''. Anthem Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-84331-149-2}}</ref>{{page needed |date=August 2014}} The party was associated with opposition to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and against establishment of an independent [[Pakistan]] as well as criticism of the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kalim |last=Bahadur |title=Democracy in Pakistan: crises and conflicts |page=176 |publisher=Har Anand Publications |year=1998}}</ref> After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, Majlis-e-Ahrar divided in two parts. Now, Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam is working for the sake of Muhammad{{vague|date=February 2014}}, nifaaz '''Hakomat-e-illahiyya''' and Khidmat-e-Khalq. In Pakistan, Ahrar secretariat is in [[Lahore]] and in India it is based in [[Ludhiana]].

=== Tablighi Jamaat ===
[[Tablighi Jamaat]], a non-political Deobandi missionary organisation, began as an offshoot of the Deobandi movement.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Political Islam: a Critical Reader |last=Volpi |first=Frederic |year=2001 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1134722075 |oclc=862611173}}{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}</ref> Its inception is believed to be a response to Hindu reform movements, which were considered a threat to vulnerable and non-practising Deobandi Muslims. It gradually expanded from a local to a national organisation, and finally to a transnational movement with followers in over 200 countries. Although its beginnings were from the Deobandi movement, it has now established an independent identity though it still maintains close ties with Deobandi ulema in many countries with large South Asian Muslim populations such as the UK.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Timol |first1=Riyaz |title=Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain |journal=Religions |date=14 October 2019 |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=573 |doi=10.3390/rel10100573 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Associated organizations===
* [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]]
* [[Jamiatul Ulama South Africa]]
* [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Britain]]
* [[Jami'yyatul Ulama Canada]]
* [[Jamiat-Ul-Ulama of Mauritius]]
* [[Majlisul Ulama Zimbabwe]]
* [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]
* [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh]]
* [[Jamiat Ulama-Nepal]]
* [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]
* [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]]
* [[Islami Andolan Bangladesh]]
* [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]]
* [[Muslim Union Party]]
* [[All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama]]
* [[Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat]]

===Associated militant organizations===

====Lashkar-e-Jhangvi====
[[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] (LJ) (Army of [[Haq Nawaz Jhangvi|Jhangvi]]) was a Deobandi militant organization.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Templin |first=James D. |date=June 2015 |title=Religious Education of Pakistan's Deobandi Madaris and Radicalisation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351354 |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |location=[[Nanyang Technological University]], Singapore |publisher=[[S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies|International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research]] |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=15–21 |jstor=26351354 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Formed in 1996, it operated in [[Pakistan]] as an offshoot of [[Sipah-e-Sahaba]] (SSP). [[Riaz Basra]] broke away from the SSP over differences with his seniors.<ref name="roul20050602">{{Cite journal |last=Roul |first=Animesh |title=Lashkar-e-Jhangvi: Sectarian Violence in Pakistan and Ties to International Terrorism |journal=Terrorism Monitor |volume=3 |issue=11 |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |date=2 June 2005 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120850/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> The group, now practically defunct since the unsuccessful [[Operation Zarb-e-Azab]], is considered a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]] by [[Pakistan]] and the United States,<ref name=bbc20030130>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2711239.stm |title=Pakistani group joins US terror list |publisher=BBC News South Asia |date=30 January 2003}}</ref> It was involved in attacks on civilians and protectors of them.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ahmad, Tufail |date=21 March 2012 |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/6208.htm |title=Using Twitter, YouTube, Facebook and Other Internet Tools, Pakistani Terrorist Group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Incites Violence against Shi'ite Muslims and Engenders Antisemitism |publisher=The Middle East Media Research Insititue, memri.org |access-date=22 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-quetta-bombing-idUSBRE91I0Q420130219 |title=Pakistani Shi'ites call off protests after Quetta bombing arrests |date=19 February 2013 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is predominantly [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Shias killed in Gilgit sectarian attack |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19280339 |work=BBC News |date=16 August 2012 |quote=A predominantly Punjabi group, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is linked with the 2002 murder of US reporter Daniel Pearl and other militant attacks, particularly in the southern city of Karachi.}}</ref> The group has been labelled by intelligence officials in Pakistan as a major security threat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/105710-iran-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-pakistan |title=Iran condemns terrorist attacks in Pakistan |newspaper=Tehran Times |date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904022747/http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/105710-iran-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-pakistan |archive-date=4 September 2014}}</ref>

====Taliban====
The [[Taliban]] ("students"), alternative spelling Taleban,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/144382.stm |title=Analysis: Who are the Taleban? |date=2000-12-20 |work=BBC News}}</ref> is an [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] political and [[militant]] movement in [[Afghanistan]]. It spread into Afghanistan and formed a government, ruling as the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] from September 1996 until December 2001, with [[Kandahar]] as the capital.
While in power, it enforced its strict interpretation of [[Sharia|Sharia law]].<ref name=Abrams>{{cite book |last=Abrams |first=Dennis |title=Hamid Karzai |year=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-7910-9267-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hamidkarzai0000abra/page/14 14] |quote=As soon as it took power though, the Taliban imposed its strict interpretation of Islamic law on the country |url=https://archive.org/details/hamidkarzai0000abra/page/14 }}</ref> While many leading Muslims and Islamic scholars have been highly critical of the Taliban's interpretations of Islamic law,<ref name=Skain>{{cite book |last=Skain |first=Rosemarie |title=The women of Afghanistan under the Taliban |year=2002 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-1090-3 |page=41}}</ref> the Darul Uloom Deoband has consistently supported the Taliban in Afghanistan, including their 2001 destruction of the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]],<ref name="Abbas2011"/> and the majority of the Taliban's leaders were influenced by Deobandi fundamentalism.<ref name=Maley2>{{cite book |last=Maley |first=William |title=Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban |year=2001 |publisher=C Hurst & Co |isbn=978-1-85065-360-8 |page=14}}</ref> [[Pashtunwali]], the Pashtun tribal code, also played a significant role in the Taliban's legislation.<ref name=Shaffer>{{cite book |last=Shaffer |first=Brenda |title=The limits of culture: Islam and foreign policy |year=2006 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-69321-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/limitsofculturei0000unse/page/277 277] |edition=illustrated |quote=The Taliban's mindset is, however, equally if not more deaned by Pashtunwali |url=https://archive.org/details/limitsofculturei0000unse/page/277 }}</ref> The Taliban were condemned internationally for their brutal [[Taliban treatment of women|treatment of women]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-nov-18-mn-5602-story.html |date=18 November 2001 |author1=James Gerstenzan |author2=Lisa Getter |title=Laura Bush Addresses State of Afghan Women |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/a-woman-among-warlords/womens-rights-in-the-taliban-and-post-taliban-eras/66/ |date=11 September 2007 |title=Women's Rights in the Taliban and Post-Taliban Eras |work=A Woman Among Warlords |publisher=[[PBS]] }}</ref>

====Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan====
[[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (the TTP), alternatively referred to as the Pakistani Taliban, is an [[umbrella organization]] of various [[Islamist]] militant groups based in the northwestern [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] along the [[Durand Line|Afghan border]] in Pakistan. In December 2007 about 13 groups united under the leadership of [[Baitullah Mehsud]] to form the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.<ref name=Bajoria/><ref name=abbash/> Among the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan's stated objectives are resistance against the Pakistani state, enforcement of their interpretation of [[sharia]] and a plan to unite against [[NATO]]-led forces in Afghanistan.<ref name=Bajoria>{{cite web |last=Bajoria |first=Jayshree |title=Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=6 February 2008 |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1%26hide%3D1%26id%3D13611%26filter%3D456 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514060717/http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1&hide=1&id=13611&filter=456 |archive-date=14 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=abbash>{{cite journal |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |title=A Profile of Tehrik-I-Taliban Pakistan |journal=CTC Sentinel |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=1–4 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |location=West Point, NY |date=January 2008 |url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17868/profile_of_tehrikitaliban_pakistan.html |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101073222/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17868/profile_of_tehrikitaliban_pakistan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=gall2009327>{{cite news |author=Carlotta Gall |author2=Ismail Khan |author3-link=Pir Zubair Shah |author3=Pir Zubair Shah |author4=Taimoor Shah |title=Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx |work=The New York Times |date=26 March 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html |author-link=Carlotta Gall }}</ref>

The TTP is not directly affiliated with the Afghan Taliban movement led by [[Mullah Omar]], with both groups differing greatly in their histories, strategic goals and interests although they both share a primarily Deobandi interpretation of Islam and are predominantly [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]].<ref name=gall2009327/><ref name=scott>{{cite news |first=Scott |last=Shane |title=Insurgents Share a Name, but Pursue Different Goals |date=2009-10-22 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/23/world/asia/23taliban.html |work=The New York Times }}</ref>

====Sipah-e-Sahaba====
[[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]] (SSP) is a banned Pakistani militant organization, and a formerly registered Pakistani political party. Established in the early 1980s in [[Jhang]] by the militant leader [[Haq Nawaz Jhangvi]], its stated goal is primarily to deter major [[Shiite]] influence in Pakistan in the wake of the [[Iranian Revolution]].<ref name="Raman"/><ref name="UNHCR"/> The organization was banned by President [[Pervez Musharraf]] in 2002 as being a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]] under the [[Anti-terrorism legislation#Pakistan|Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997]].<ref name="Raman">B. Raman, [http://isianalysis.blogspot.com/2009/04/musharrafs-ban-analysis-18-1-2002.html "Musharraf's Ban: An Analysis"], ''South Asia Analysis Group '', Paper no. 395, 18 January 2002</ref><ref name="UNHCR">[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,PAK,,440ed73f34,0.html "Pakistan: The Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP), including its activities and status"], Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 26 July 2005</ref>
In October 2000 [[Masood Azhar]], another militant leader, and founder of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM), was quoted as saying that "Sipah-e-Sahaba stands shoulder to shoulder with Jaish-e-Muhammad in Jehad."<ref name=satp>{{Cite web |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/Ssp.htm |title=Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, Terrorist Group of Pakistan |website=www.satp.org}}</ref> A leaked U.S. diplomatic cable described JeM as "another SSP breakaway Deobandi organization."<ref name=cable>{{cite news |title=2009: Southern Punjab extremism battle between haves and have-nots |date=2011-05-22 |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/22/2009-southern-punjab-extremism-battle-between-haves-and-have-nots.html }}</ref>