Editing Dengue fever (section)

== History ==

The first historical record of a case of probable dengue fever is in a Chinese medical encyclopedia from the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]] which referred to a "water poison" associated with flying insects.<ref name="Gubler982">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gubler DJ | title = Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 480–496 | date = July 1998 | pmid = 9665979 | pmc = 88892 | doi = 10.1128/cmr.11.3.480 }}</ref><ref name="EID062">{{cite journal |author=Anonymous |year=2006 |title=Etymologia: dengue |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/6/pdfs/et-1206.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Emerg. Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=893 |doi=10.3201/eid1206.ET1206 |pmc=3373045 |s2cid=29398958 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203085913/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/6/pdfs/et-1206.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The principal mosquito vector of dengue, ''Aedes aegypti'', spread out of Africa in the 15th to 19th centuries due to the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] and consequent expansion of international trading.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> There have been descriptions of epidemics of dengue-like illness in the 17th century, and it is likely that epidemics in [[Jakarta]], [[Cairo]], and [[Philadelphia]] during the 18th century were caused by dengue.<ref name="Gubler982"/><ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuno G | title = A Re-Examination of the History of Etiologic Confusion between Dengue and Chikungunya | journal = PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = e0004101 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26562299 | pmc = 4643049 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004101 | quote = 1779–1780: 'Knokkel-koorts' in Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia) and 'break bone fever' in Philadelphia | doi-access = free }}</ref>

It is assumed that dengue was [[Endemic (epidemiology)|constantly present]] in many tropical urban centres throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, even though significant outbreaks were infrequent.<ref name="Gubler982"/> The marked spread of dengue during and after the [[World War II|Second World War]] has been attributed partly to disruption caused by the war, and partly to subsequent urbanisation in south-east Asia.<ref name="Gubler982"/> As novel serotypes were introduced to regions already endemic with dengue, outbreaks of severe disease followed. The severe hemorrhagic form of the disease was first reported in the [[Philippines]] in 1953; by the 1970s, it had become recognised as  a major cause of [[child mortality]] in Southeast Asia.<ref name="Gubler982"/>

In Central and South America, the Aedes mosquito had been eradicated in the 1950s; however the eradication program was discontinued in the 1970s and the disease re-established itself in the region during the 1980s, becoming hyperendemic and causing significant epidemics.<ref name="Gubler982"/>

Dengue has continued to increase in prevalence during the 21st century, as the  mosquito vector continues to expand its range. This is attributed partly to continuing urbanisation, and partly to the impact of a warmer climate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As Temperatures Rise, Dengue Fever Spreads and Cases Rise |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/dengue-fever-climate-change |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Yale E360 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===

The name came into English in the early 19th century from [[Spanish West Indies|West Indian Spanish]], which borrowed it from the [[Kiswahili]] term ''dinga'' / ''denga'', meaning "cramp-like seizure" – the full term of the condition being ''ki-dinga pepo'': "a sort of cramp-like seizure (caused by) an evil spirit".<ref>Christie J. On Epidemics of Dengue Fever: Their Diffusion and Etiology. Glasgow Med J. 1881;16(3):161-176.</ref> The borrowed term changed to ''dengue'' in Spanish due to this word existing in Spanish with the meaning "fastidiousness" and this [[folk etymology]] referring to the dislike of movement by affected patients.<ref name="lexico-definition" /><ref name=EID06>{{cite journal|author=Anonymous|title=Etymologia: dengue|journal=Emerg. Infect. Dis.|year=2006|volume=12|page=893|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/6/pdfs/et-1206.pdf|issue=6|pmc=3373045| doi=10.3201/eid1206.ET1206|s2cid=29398958|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203085913/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/6/pdfs/et-1206.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013|doi-access=free}}</ref> Slaves in the West Indies having contracted dengue were said to have the posture and gait of a [[dandy]], and the disease was known as "dandy fever".<ref>{{cite web|author=Anonymous|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6620|title=Definition of Dandy fever|work=MedicineNet.com|date=15 June 1998|access-date=25 December 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605231418/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6620|archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=Hal08>{{cite book| vauthors = Halstead SB |title=Dengue (Tropical Medicine: Science and Practice)|publisher=Imperial College Press|location=River Edge, N.J|year=2008|pages=1–10|isbn=978-1-84816-228-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zLd9mFwxwsC&pg=PA1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521221422/https://books.google.com/books?id=6zLd9mFwxwsC&pg=PA1|archive-date=21 May 2016}}</ref>

The term ''break-bone fever'' was applied by physician and [[Founding Fathers of the United States|United States Founding Father]] [[Benjamin Rush]], in a 1789 report of the 1780 epidemic in [[Philadelphia]], due to the associated muscle and joint pains. In the report title he uses the more formal term "bilious remitting fever".<ref name=Barrett09>{{cite book|vauthors=Barrett AD, Stanberry LR|title=Vaccines for biodefense and emerging and neglected diseases|publisher=Academic|location=San Diego|year=2009|pages=287–323|isbn=978-0-12-369408-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nu058ZNa1MC&pg=PA289|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512080958/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nu058ZNa1MC&pg=PA289|archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref> The term dengue fever came into general use only after 1828.<ref name=Hal08/> Other historical terms include "breakheart fever" and "la dengue".<ref name=Hal08/> Terms for severe disease include "infectious thrombocytopenic purpura" and "Philippine", "Thai", or "Singapore hemorrhagic fever".<ref name=Hal08/>