Editing Czech language (section)

====Number====

Nouns are also inflected for [[grammatical number|number]], distinguishing between singular and plural. Typical of a Slavic language, Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case, but numbers over five require subject and direct object noun phrases to be declined in the genitive plural instead of the nominative or accusative, and when used as subjects these phrases take singular verbs. For example:<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=114}}</ref>
{|class=wikitable
|-
!English
!Czech
|-
| one Czech crown was...
| ''jedna koruna česká byla...''
|-
| two Czech crowns were...
| ''dvě koruny české byly...''
|-
| three Czech crowns were...
| ''tři koruny české byly...''
|-
| four Czech crowns were...
| ''čtyři koruny české byly...''
|-
| five Czech crowns were...
| ''pět korun českých bylo...''
|}

Numbers decline for case, and the numbers one and two are also inflected for gender. Numbers one through five are shown below as examples. The number one has declension patterns identical to those of the [[demonstrative pronoun]] ''[[wikt:ten#Czech|ten]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=83}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=117}}</ref>
{|class=wikitable
|-
!
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
|-
!Nominative
|''jeden'' (masc)<br/>''jedna'' (fem)<br/>''jedno'' (neut)
|''dva'' (masc)<br/>''dvě'' (fem, neut)
|''tři''
|''čtyři''
|''pět''
|-
!Genitive
|''jednoho'' (masc)<br/>''jedné'' (fem)<br/>''jednoho'' (neut)
|''dvou''
|''tří'' or ''třech''
|''čtyř'' or ''čtyřech''
|''pěti''
|-
!Dative
|''jednomu'' (masc)<br/>''jedné'' (fem)<br/>''jednomu'' (neut)
|''dvěma''
|''třem''
|''čtyřem''
|''pěti''
|-
!Accusative
|''jednoho'' (masc an.)<br/>''jeden'' (masc in.)<br/>''jednu'' (fem)<br/>''jedno'' (neut)
|''dva'' (masc)<br/>''dvě'' (fem, neut)
|''tři''
|''čtyři''
|''pět''
|-
!Locative
|''jednom'' (masc)<br/>''jedné'' (fem)<br/>''jednom'' (neut)
|''dvou''
|''třech''
|''čtyřech''
|''pěti''
|-
!Instrumental
|''jedním'' (masc)<br/>''jednou'' (fem)<br/>''jedním'' (neut)
|''dvěma''
|''třemi''
|''čtyřmi''
|''pěti''
|}

Although Czech's [[grammatical number]]s are singular and [[plural]], several residuals of [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms remain, such as the words ''dva'' ("two") and ''oba'' ("both"), which decline the same way. Some nouns for paired body parts use a historical dual form to express plural in some cases: ''[[wikt:ruka|ruka]]'' (hand)—''ruce'' (nominative); ''[[wikt:noha|noha]]'' (leg)—''nohama'' (instrumental), ''nohou'' (genitive/locative); ''[[wikt:oko|oko]]'' (eye)—''oči'', and ''[[wikt:ucho|ucho]]'' (ear)—''uši''. While two of these nouns are neuter in their singular forms, all plural forms are considered feminine; their gender is relevant to their associated adjectives and verbs.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=40}}</ref> These forms are plural semantically, used for any non-singular count, as in ''mezi čtyřma očima'' (face to face, lit. ''among four eyes''). The plural number paradigms of these nouns are a mixture of historical dual and plural forms. For example, ''nohy'' (legs; nominative/accusative) is a standard plural form of this type of noun.<ref>{{Harvnb|Komárek|2012|p=238}}</ref>