Editing Coyote (section)

==Ecology==

===Habitat===
[[File:Urban Coyote, Bernal Heights.jpg|thumb|upright|An [[urban coyote]] in [[Bernal Heights]], [[San Francisco]]]]
Prior to the near extermination of wolves and cougars, the coyote was most numerous in [[grassland]]s inhabited by [[American bison|bison]], [[pronghorn]], [[elk]], and other deer, doing particularly well in short-grass areas with [[prairie dog]]s, though it was just as much at home in semiarid areas with [[sagebrush]] and [[jackrabbit]]s or in deserts inhabited by [[cactus]], [[kangaroo rat]]s, and [[rattlesnake]]s. As long as it was not in direct competition with the wolf, the coyote ranged from the [[Sonoran Desert]] to the alpine regions of adjoining mountains or the plains and mountainous areas of [[Alberta]]. With the extermination of the wolf, the coyote's range expanded to encompass broken forests from the tropics of [[Guatemala]] and the northern slope of [[Alaska]].<ref name="gier1974" />

Coyotes walk around {{convert|5|–|16|km|mi|0}} per day, often along trails such as logging roads and paths; they may use iced-over rivers as travel routes in winter. They are often [[crepuscular]], being more active around evening and the beginning of the night than during the day. However, in urban areas coyotes are known to be more nocturnal, likely to avoid encounters with humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Franckowiak |first1=Gregory A. |last2=Perdicas |first2=Marlo |last3=Smith |first3=Gregory A. |date=2019-12-30 |title=Spatial ecology of coyotes in the urbanizing landscape of the Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=e0227028 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0227028 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6936805 |pmid=31887177|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1427028F |doi-access=free }}</ref> Like many canids, coyotes are competent swimmers, reported to be able to travel at least {{convert|0.8|km|mi|1}} across water.<ref name="Saunders">{{cite web |last1=Saunders |first1=D.A. |title=Adirondack Ecological Center: Coyote|url=http://www.esf.edu/aec/adks/mammals/coyote.htm|publisher=College of Environmental Science and Forestry, SUNY}}</ref>

===Diet===
[[File:Coyote at Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge (31034864347).jpg|thumb|A coyote with a scrap of road-killed [[pronghorn]] in [[Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Wyoming]]]]
The coyote is ecologically the North American equivalent of the Eurasian [[golden jackal]].<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=tj60BQAAQBAJ|page=156}}|title=Wolf and man: Evolution in Parallel|first1=Robert L. |last1=Hall|first2=Henry S. |last2=Sharp|year=1978|publisher=Academic Press|location=New York|page=156|isbn=978-0-12-319250-9|oclc=3607816}}</ref> Likewise, the coyote is highly versatile in its choice of food, but is primarily [[carnivorous]], with 90% of its diet consisting of meat. Prey species include [[American bison|bison]] (largely as [[carrion]]), [[white-tailed deer]], [[mule deer]], [[moose]], [[elk]], [[bighorn sheep]], [[pronghorn]], [[rabbit]]s, [[hare]]s, [[rodent]]s, [[bird]]s (especially [[galliformes]], [[roadrunner]]s, young [[water bird]]s and [[Columbidae|pigeons and doves]]), [[amphibian]]s (except [[toad]]s), [[lizard]]s, [[snake]]s, [[turtle]]s and [[tortoise]]s, [[fish]], [[crustacean]]s, and [[insect]]s. Coyotes may be picky over the prey they target, as animals such as [[shrew]]s, [[Mole (animal)|moles]], and [[brown rat]]s do not occur in their diet in proportion to their numbers.<ref name="gier1974"/>
[[File:Coyote, Marin County, CA, USA imported from iNaturalist photo 99934561.jpg|thumb|Hunting for [[Botta's pocket gopher|gophers]], California]]
[[Terrestrial animals]] or burrowing small mammals such as [[ground squirrel]]s and associated species ([[marmot]]s, [[prairie dog]]s, [[chipmunk]]s) as well as [[vole]]s, [[pocket gopher]]s, [[kangaroo rat]]s and other ground-favoring rodents may be quite common foods, especially for lone coyotes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Minta |first1=S. C. |last2=Minta |first2=K. A. |last3=Lott |first3=D. F. |date=1992 |title=Hunting associations between badgers (Taxidea taxus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=73 |number=4 |pages=814–820|doi=10.2307/1382201 |jstor=1382201 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bartel |first1=R. A. |last2=Knowlton |first2=F. F. |date=2005 |title=Functional feeding responses of coyotes, Canis latrans, to fluctuating prey abundance in the Curlew Valley, Utah, 1977–1993 |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=83 |number=4 |pages=569–578|doi=10.1139/z05-039 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Best |first1=T. L. |last2=Hoditschek |first2=B. |last3=Thomas |first3=H. H. |date=1981 |title=Foods of coyotes (Canis latrans) in Oklahoma |journal=The Southwestern Naturalist |volume=26 |number=1 |pages=67–69|doi=10.2307/3671333 |jstor=3671333 }}</ref> Examples of specific, primary mammal prey include [[Eastern cottontail|eastern cottontail rabbits]], [[thirteen-lined ground squirrel]]s, and [[white-footed mice]].<ref name="tokar">{{cite web |last=Tokar |first=Erik |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Canis_latrans/ |title=Canis latrans |website=Animal Diversity Web |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> More unusual prey include [[Fisher (animal)|fishers]],<ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://www.esf.edu/aec/publications/abstract/brundige.htm |last=Brundige |first=G. C. |year=1993 |title=Predation ecology of the eastern coyote (''Canis latrans'' var.) in the central Adirondacks, New York |publisher=State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse |type=PhD |access-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-date=December 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207214323/https://www.esf.edu/aec/publications/abstract/brundige.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> young [[American black bear|black bear]] cubs,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Boyer, R. H. |year=1949|title= Mountain coyotes kill yearling black bear in Sequoia National Park|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 30 |page=75 |doi=10.1093/jmammal/30.1.75 |issn=1545-1542 |oclc =39098574}}</ref> [[harp seal]]s<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Way, J. G. |author2=Horton, J. |year=2004 |url=http://www.canids.org/canidnews/7/Coyote_kills_harp_seal.pdf |title=Coyote kills harp seal |journal=Canid News |volume=7 |issue=1 |issn=1545-1542|oclc=39098574|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060513151608/http://www.canids.org/canidnews/7/Coyote_kills_harp_seal.pdf |archive-date=May 13, 2006}}</ref> and [[rattlesnake]]s. Coyotes kill rattlesnakes mostly for food, but also to protect their pups at their dens, by teasing the snakes until they stretch out and then biting their heads and snapping and shaking the snakes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Klauber|first=Lawrence Monroe |title=Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind|volume=1|edition=2nd |location=Berkeley, California|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|pages=1072–1074 |isbn=978-0-520-21056-1 |oclc=39523012 |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=W8Tz8QaJ2HoC|page=1095}}}}</ref> Birds taken by coyotes may range in size from [[thrasher]]s, [[lark]]s and [[Passerellidae|sparrows]] to adult [[wild turkey]]s and, rarely, brooding adult [[Trumpeter swan|swans]] and [[American white pelican|pelicans]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sperry |first1=C. C. |year=1939 |title=Food habits of peg-leg coyotes |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=20 |issue=2| pages=190–194 |doi=10.2307/1374376| jstor=1374376}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=MacCracken |first1=J. G. |last2=Uresh |first2=D. W. |year=1984 |title=Coyote foods in the Black Hills, South Dakota |journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=1420–1423 |doi=10.2307/3801809|jstor=3801809}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Smith |first=J. W. |date=1988 |chapter=Status of Missouri's experimental Trumpeter Swan restoration program |title=Proc. and Papers of the 10th Trumpeter Swan Society Conf. |editor-first=D. |editor-last=Compton |pages=100–103 |location=Maple Plain, MN |publisher=The Trumpeter Swan Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bunnell |first1=F. L. |last2=Dunbar |first2=D. |last3=Koza |first3=L. |last4=Ryder |first4=G. |date=1981 |title=Effects of disturbance on the productivity and numbers of white pelicans in British Columbia: observations and models |journal=Colonial Waterbirds |volume=4 |pages=2–11|doi=10.2307/1521105 |jstor=1521105 }}</ref> 

If working in packs or pairs, coyotes may have access to larger prey than lone individuals normally take, such as various prey weighing more than {{convert|10|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name= Gese>{{cite journal |last1=Gese |first1=E. M. |last2=Rongstad |first2=O. J. |last3=Mytton |first3=W. R. |date=1988 |title=Relationship between coyote group size and diet in southeastern Colorado |journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=647–653|doi=10.2307/3800924 |jstor=3800924 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Bowen |first=W. D. |date=1978 |title=Social organization of the coyote in relation to prey size |type=PhD. |publisher=University of British Columbia}}</ref> In some cases, packs of coyotes have dispatched much larger prey such as adult ''[[Odocoileus]]'' deer, cow [[elk]], [[pronghorn]]s and [[Ovis|wild sheep]], although the young fawn, calves and lambs of these animals are considerably more often taken even by packs, as well as [[domestic sheep]] and [[Cattle|domestic cattle]]. In some cases, coyotes can bring down prey weighing up to {{convert|100|to|200|kg|lb|abbr=on}} or more. When it comes to adult ungulates such as wild deer, they often exploit them when vulnerable such as those that are infirm, stuck in snow or ice, otherwise winter-weakened or heavily pregnant, whereas less wary domestic ungulates may be more easily exploited.<ref name= Gese/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arjo |first1=W. M. |last2=Pletscher |first2=D. H. |last3=Ream |first3=R. R. |year=2002 |title=Dietary overlap between wolves and coyotes in northwestern Montana |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=83 |issue=3| pages=754–766 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0754:dobwac>2.0.co;2| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gese |first1=E. M. |last2=Grothe |first2=S. |date=1995 |title=Analysis of coyote predation on deer and elk during winter in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming |journal=American Midland Naturalist |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=36–43|doi=10.2307/2426345 |jstor=2426345 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whitlaw |first1=H. A. |last2=Ballard |first2=W. B. |last3=Sabine |first3=D. L. |last4=Young |first4=S. J. |last5=Jenkins |first5=R. A. |last6=Forbes |first6=G. J. |date=1998 |title=Survival and cause-specific mortality rates of adult white-tailed deer in New Brunswick |journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=1335–1341|doi=10.2307/3801999 |jstor=3801999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bruns | first1 = E. H. | year = 1970 | title = Winter predation of golden eagles and coyotes on pronghorn antelopes | journal = Can. Field-Nat. | volume = 84 | issue = 3 | pages = 301–304 | doi = 10.5962/p.342975 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boggess |first1=E. K. |last2=Andrews |first2=R. D. |last3=Bishop |first3=R. A. |date=1978 |title=Domestic animal losses to coyotes and dogs in Iowa |journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=362–372|doi=10.2307/3800272 |jstor=3800272 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Connolly |first=G. |date=1992 |title=Coyote damage to livestock and other resources. Boer, AH, Ecology and management of the eastern coyote |publisher=University of New Brunswick |location=New Brunswick}}</ref>

Although coyotes prefer fresh meat, they will [[scavenge]] when the opportunity presents itself. Excluding the insects, fruit, and grass eaten, the coyote requires an estimated {{convert|600|g|lb|abbr=on}} of food daily, or {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} annually.<ref name="gier1974"/> The coyote readily [[cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalizes]] the carcasses of [[conspecifics]], with coyote fat having been successfully used by coyote hunters as a lure or poisoned bait.<ref name="young63">{{Harvnb|Young|Jackson|1978|pp=63–4}}</ref> The coyote's winter diet consists mainly of large ungulate carcasses, with very little plant matter. Rodent prey increases in importance during the spring, summer, and fall.<ref name="bekoff1977"/>

The coyote feeds on a variety of different [[produce]], including [[strawberry|strawberries]],<ref name="tokar"/> [[blackberry|blackberries]], [[blueberry|blueberries]], [[Smilax|sarsaparilla]]s,<ref name="tokar"/> [[peach]]es, [[pear]]s, [[apple]]s, [[Opuntia|prickly pears]], [[chapote]]s, [[persimmon]]s, [[peanut]]s, [[watermelon]]s, [[cantaloupe]]s, and [[carrot]]s. During the winter and early spring, the coyote eats large quantities of grass, such as green [[wheat]] blades. It sometimes eats unusual items such as [[Cottonseed meal|cotton cake]], [[soybean]] meal, domestic animal droppings, [[bean]]s, and cultivated [[grain]] such as [[maize]], wheat, and [[sorghum]].<ref name="gier1974"/>

In coastal California, coyotes now consume a higher percentage of marine-based food than their ancestors, which is thought to be due to the extirpation of the grizzly bear from this region.<ref name=reid2018/> In [[Death Valley]], coyotes may consume great quantities of [[hawkmoth]] [[caterpillar]]s or [[beetle]]s in the spring flowering months.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cordey|first=Huw|year=2013|title=North America: A World in One Continent |location=Philadelphia|publisher=Running Press|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=JCAVAgAAQBAJ|page=305}}|isbn=978-0-7624-4843-2|oclc=808413615}}</ref>

===Enemies and competitors===
[[File:USFWS - How to recognise a gray wolf 1.png|thumb|A comparative illustration of a coyote and a [[gray wolf]]]]
[[File:Feeling Unwelcome.jpg|thumb|Mountain coyotes (''C. l. lestes'') cornering a juvenile [[cougar]]]]
In areas where the ranges of coyotes and gray wolves overlap, interference competition and predation by wolves has been hypothesized to limit local coyote densities. Coyote ranges expanded during the 19th and 20th centuries following the extirpation of wolves, while coyotes were driven to extinction on [[Isle Royale]] after wolves colonized the island in the 1940s. One study conducted in [[Yellowstone National Park]], where both species coexist, concluded that the coyote population in the [[Lamar River|Lamar River Valley]] declined by 39% following the reintroduction of wolves in the 1990s, while coyote populations in wolf inhabited areas of the [[Grand Teton National Park]] are 33% lower than in areas where they are absent.<ref name="berger2007">{{cite journal|author1=Berger, K. M.|author2=Gese, E. M.|year=2007|title=Does interference competition with wolves limit the distribution and abundance of coyotes?|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology|volume=76|issue=6|pages=1075–1085|pmid=17922704|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01287.x|doi-access=free|bibcode=2007JAnEc..76.1075B }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Stains|first=H. J. |year=1974|chapter=Distribution and Taxonomy of the Canidae|pages=3–26|editor-first=M. W. |editor-last=Fox|title=The Wild Canids: Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology, and Evolution|location=New York |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold|isbn=978-0-442-22430-1|oclc=1093505}}</ref> Wolves have been observed to not tolerate coyotes in their vicinity, though coyotes have been known to trail wolves to feed on their kills.<ref name="young93">{{Harvnb|Young|Jackson|1978|pp=93–96}}</ref>

Coyotes may compete with [[cougar]]s in some areas. In the eastern [[Sierra Nevada]], coyotes compete with cougars over [[mule deer]]. Cougars normally outcompete and dominate coyotes, and may kill them occasionally, thus reducing coyote predation pressure on smaller carnivores such as foxes and [[bobcat]]s.<ref name=hornocker2009>{{cite book|last1=Hornocker|first1=M. |last2=Negri|first2=S. |year=2009|title=Cougar: Ecology and Conservation|publisher= University of Chicago Press|page=170|isbn=978-0-226-35347-0|oclc=609634655|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=ZSDUxT3fSYEC|page=170}}}}</ref> Coyotes that are killed are sometimes not eaten, perhaps indicating that these comprise competitive interspecies interactions, however there are multiple confirmed cases of cougars also eating coyotes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Palomares | first1 = F. | last2 = Caro | first2 = T. M. | year = 1999 | title = Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores | url =https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/51387/1/Palomares%20%26%20Caro_1999_Am%20Nat.pdf | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 153 | issue = 5 | pages = 492–508 | doi=10.1086/303189| pmid = 29578790 | hdl = 10261/51387 | s2cid = 4343007 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>Ackerman, B. B., Lindzey, F. G., & Hemker, T. P. (1984). ''Cougar food habits in southern Utah''. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 147–155.</ref> In northeastern [[Mexico]], cougar predation on coyotes continues apace but coyotes were absent from the prey spectrum of sympatric [[jaguar]]s, apparently due to differing habitat usages.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hernández-Saint Martín | first1 = A. D. | last2 = Rosas-Rosas | first2 = O. C. | last3 = Palacio-Núñez | first3 = J. | last4 = Tarango-Arambula | first4 = L. A. | last5 = Clemente-Sánchez | first5 = F. | last6 = Hoogesteijn | first6 = A. L. | year = 2015 | title = Food habits of jaguar and puma in a protected area and adjacent fragmented landscape of Northeastern Mexico | journal = Natural Areas Journal | volume = 35 | issue = 2| pages = 308–317 | doi=10.3375/043.035.0213| s2cid = 86622145 }}</ref>

Other than by gray wolves and cougars, predation on adult coyotes is relatively rare but multiple other predators can be occasional threats. In some cases, adult coyotes have been preyed upon by both [[American black bear|American black]] and [[grizzly bear]]s,<ref>Beer, ''Encyclopedia of North American Mammals: An Essential Guide to Mammals of North America''. Thunder Bay Press (2004), {{ISBN|978-1-59223-191-1}}.</ref> [[American alligator]]s,<ref name= Guggisberg>{{cite book | author = Guggisberg, C.A.W. | title = Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation| year = 1972 | isbn = 978-0-7153-5272-4 | page = 195| publisher = David & Charles}}</ref> large [[Canada lynx]]<ref>O’Donoghue, M., Boutin, S., Murray, D. L., Krebs, C. J., Hofer, E. J., Breitenmoser, U., Breitenmoser-Wuersten, C., Zuleta, G., Doyle, C. & Nams, V. O. (2001). ''Coyotes and lynx''. Ecosystem dynamics of the boreal forest: the Kluane project. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA, 276–323.</ref> and [[golden eagle]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/publications/00pubs/00-41.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922194907/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/publications/00pubs/00-41.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-22 |url-status=live |title=Golden Eagle Attacks and Kills Adult Male Coyote |author=Mason, J.R. |year=2000 |journal=Journal of Raptor Research |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=244–245}}</ref> At kill sites and carrion, coyotes, especially if working alone, tend to be dominated by wolves, cougars, bears, [[wolverine]]s and, usually but not always, [[eagle]]s (i.e., [[Bald eagle|bald]] and golden). When such larger, more powerful or more aggressive predators such as these come to a shared feeding site, a coyote may either try to fight, wait until the other predator is done or occasionally share a kill, but if a major danger such as wolves or an adult cougar is present, the coyote will tend to flee.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Allen | first1 = M. L. | last2 = Elbroch | first2 = L. M. | last3 = Wilmers | first3 = C. C. | last4 = Wittmer | first4 = H. U. | year = 2015 | title = The comparative effects of large carnivores on the acquisition of carrion by scavengers | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 185 | issue = 6| pages = 822–833 | doi=10.1086/681004| pmid = 25996866 | hdl = 2142/101871 | s2cid = 206003003 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>Green, G. I., Mattson, D. J., & Peek, J. M. (1997). ''Spring feeding on ungulate carcasses by grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park''. The Journal of wildlife management, 1040-1055.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wilmers | first1 = C. C. | last2 = Stahler | first2 = D. R. | last3 = Crabtree | first3 = R. L. | last4 = Smith | first4 = D. W. | last5 = Getz | first5 = W. M. | year = 2003 | title = Resource dispersion and consumer dominance: scavenging at wolf-and hunter-killed carcasses in Greater Yellowstone, USA | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4w12t8gz| journal = Ecology Letters | volume = 6 | issue = 11| pages = 996–1003 | doi=10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00522.x| bibcode = 2003EcolL...6..996W | s2cid = 55961335 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hornocker | first1 = M. G. | last2 = Hash | first2 = H. S. | year = 1981 | title = Ecology of the wolverine in northwestern Montana | journal = Canadian Journal of Zoology | volume = 59 | issue = 7| pages = 1286–1301 | doi=10.1139/z81-181}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bowen | first1 = W. D. | year = 1980 | title = Coyote-Golden Eagle interactions at an ungulate carcass | journal = J. Mammal. | volume = 61 | issue = 2| pages = 376–377 | doi=10.2307/1380075| jstor = 1380075 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jordheim | first1 = S | year = 1980 | title = Eagle-coyote incident | journal = Blue Jay | volume = 38 | pages = 47–48 | doi = 10.29173/bluejay4577 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jung | first1 = T. S. | last2 = Everatt | first2 = K. T. | last3 = Andresen-Everatt | first3 = L. M. | year = 2009 | title = Kleptoparasitism of a coyote (Canis latrans) by a golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in Northwestern Canada | journal = Northwestern Naturalist | volume = 90 | issue = 1| pages = 53–55 | doi=10.1898/1051-1733-90.1.53| s2cid = 86356027 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=McCollough, M. A. |author2= Todd, C. S. |author3= Owen R. B. Jr. |year=1994|title=Supplemental feeding program for wintering Bald Eagles in Maine|journal= Wildlife Society Bulletin|volume= 22|issue=2|pages=147–154|jstor=3783240|doi=10.1016/0006-3207(96)83230-7}}</ref>

Coyotes rarely kill healthy adult [[red fox]]es, and have been observed to feed or den alongside them, though they often kill foxes caught in traps. Coyotes may kill fox kits, but this is not a major source of mortality.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sargeant, Alan B. |author2=Allen, Stephen H. |year=1989|title=Observed interactions between coyotes and red foxes|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 70|issue=3|pages=631–633|doi=10.2307/1381437 |jstor=1381437 |issn=1545-1542|oclc=39098574}}</ref> In southern California, coyotes frequently kill [[gray fox]]es, and these smaller canids tend to avoid areas with high coyote densities.<ref name=fedriani2000>{{Cite journal |author1=Fedriani, J. M. |author2=Fuller, T. K. |author3=Sauvajot, R. M. |author4=York, E. C. |year=2000 |title=Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores |journal=Oecologia |volume=125 |pages=258–270 |url=http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public_html/Oecologia_00.pdf |doi=10.1007/s004420000448 |pmid=24595837 |issue=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006040228/http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public_html/Oecologia_00.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2011|issn=1432-1939|oclc=76327396|bibcode=2000Oecol.125..258F |hdl=10261/54628 |s2cid=24289407 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In some areas, coyotes share their ranges with bobcats. These two similarly-sized species rarely physically confront one another, though bobcat populations tend to diminish in areas with high coyote densities.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1139/z89-170|author1=Litvaitis, J. A. |author2=D. J. Harrison|year=1989|title= Bobcat-coyote niche relationships during a period of coyote population increase|journal= Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=67 |pages=1180–1188|issue=5}}</ref> However, several studies have demonstrated interference competition between coyotes and bobcats, and in all cases coyotes dominated the interaction.<ref name=bunnell2006>{{Cite journal |title=Potential Impacts of Coyotes and Snowmobiles on Lynx Conservation in the Intermountain West|journal=Wildlife Society Bulletin|doi=10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[828:PIOCAS]2.0.CO;2|jstor=3784713|year=2006 |volume=34 |last1=Bunnell |first1=Kevin D. |last2=Flinders|first2=Jerran T. |last3=Wolfe|first3=Michael L. |issue=3|pages=828–838|s2cid=85901240 |issn=1938-5463|oclc=60353682}}</ref><ref name=gipson2002/> Multiple researchers<ref>Anderson, E. M. (1986). ''Bobcat behavioral ecology in relation to resource use in southeastern Colorado''. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.</ref><ref>Jackson, D. H. (1986). ''Ecology of bobcats in east-central Colorado''. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.</ref><ref>Toweill, D. E. (1986). ''Resource partitioning by bobcats and coyotes in a coniferous forest''. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA</ref><ref name=gipson2002/><ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=3830671|author=Knick, S. T. |year=1990|title= Ecology of bobcats relative to exploitation and a prey decline in southeastern Idaho|journal= Wildlife Monographs|volume=108|pages=1–42|issue=108}}</ref> reported instances of coyotes killing bobcats, whereas bobcats killing coyotes is more rare.<ref name="bunnell2006" /> Coyotes attack bobcats using a bite-and-shake method similar to what is used on medium-sized prey. Coyotes, both single individuals and groups, have been known to occasionally kill bobcats. In most cases, the bobcats were relatively small specimens, such as adult females and juveniles.<ref name=gipson2002>{{Cite journal |author1=Gipson, P. S. |author2= Kamler, J. F. |jstor=3672519|title=Bobcat Killed by a Coyote|journal=The Southwestern Naturalist|volume=47|issue=3|year=2002|pages=511–513|doi=10.2307/3672519|issn=0038-4909|oclc=525604174}}</ref> 

Coyote attacks, by an unknown number of coyotes, on adult male bobcats have occurred. In California, coyote and bobcat populations are not negatively correlated across different habitat types, but predation by coyotes is an important source of mortality in bobcats.<ref name=fedriani2000/> Biologist [[Stanley Paul Young]] noted that in his entire trapping career, he had never successfully saved a captured bobcat from being killed by coyotes, and wrote of two incidents wherein coyotes chased bobcats up trees.<ref name="young93"/> Coyotes have been documented to directly kill [[Canada lynx]] on occasion,<ref name=ripple2011>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/wsb.59 |url=http://www.cof.orst.edu/leopold/papers/Ripple_etal_Lynx2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416235040/http://www.cof.orst.edu/leopold/papers/Ripple_etal_Lynx2011.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-16 |url-status=live| title = Can restoring wolves aid in lynx recovery?| journal = Wildlife Society Bulletin| volume = 35| issue = 4| pages = 514–518| year = 2011| last1 = Ripple | first1 = W. J. | last2 = Wirsing | first2 = A. J. | last3 = Beschta | first3 = R. L. | last4 = Buskirk | first4 = S. W. |bibcode=2011WSBu...35..514R }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=O'Donoghue, M. |author2=Hofer, E. J. |author3=Doyle, F. I. |year=1995|title= Predator versus predator|journal= Natural History |volume=104|pages=6–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rockwood|first=Larry L. |year=2015|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes |id=xHFuCAAAQBAJ|page=273}}|title=Introduction to Population Ecology|location=Chichester, United Kingdom|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=273|isbn=978-1-118-94755-5|oclc=899267730}}</ref> and compete with them for prey, especially [[snowshoe hare]]s.<ref name=ripple2011/> In some areas, including central Alberta, lynx are more abundant where coyotes are few, thus interactions with coyotes appears to influence lynx populations more than the availability of snowshoe hares.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bushkirk|first1=S. W. |last2=Ruggiero|first2=L. F. |last3=Krebs|first3=C. J.|year=2000|chapter-url=http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr030/rmrs_gtr030_083_100.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226023730/http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr030/rmrs_gtr030_083_100.pdf |archive-date=2007-02-26 |url-status=live|chapter=Habitat Fragmentation and Interspecific Competition: Implications for Lynx Conservation|pages=91–92|editor1-first=L. F.|editor1-last=Ruggiero|editor2-first=K. B.|editor2-last=Aubry|editor3-first=S. W.|editor3-last=Buskirk|editor4-first=G. M.|editor4-last=Koehler|editor5-first=C. J.|editor5-last=Krebs |editor6-first=K. S. |editor6-last=McKelvey|editor7-first=J. R.|editor7-last=Squires|title=Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States|publisher=University of Colorado Press|location=Denver}}</ref>