Editing Copyright (section)

=== Copyright infringement ===
{{Main|Copyright infringement}}

For a work to be considered to infringe upon copyright, its use must have occurred in a nation that has domestic copyright laws or adheres to a bilateral treaty or established international convention such as the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] or [[World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty|WIPO Copyright Treaty]]. Improper use of materials outside of legislation is deemed "unauthorized edition", not copyright infringement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Owen|first1=L.|doi=10.1087/09531510125100313|title=Piracy|journal=Learned Publishing|volume=14|pages=67–70|year=2001|s2cid=221957508|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Statistics regarding the effects of copyright infringement are difficult to determine. Studies have attempted to determine whether there is a monetary loss for industries affected by copyright infringement by predicting what portion of pirated works would have been formally purchased if they had not been freely available.<ref>Butler, S. Piracy Losses "Billboard" 199(36)</ref> Other reports indicate that copyright infringement does not have an adverse effect on the entertainment industry, and can have a positive effect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ejpd.admin.ch/content/ejpd/de/home/dokumentation/mi/2011/2011-11-30.html|title=Urheberrechtsverletzungen im Internet: Der bestehende rechtliche Rahmen genügt|publisher=Ejpd.admin.ch|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819222007/http://www.ejpd.admin.ch/content/ejpd/de/home/dokumentation/mi/2011/2011-11-30.html|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In particular, a 2014 university study concluded that free music content, accessed on [[YouTube]], does not necessarily hurt sales, instead has the potential to increase sales.<ref>{{Cite journal|publisher=Social Science Electronic Publishing|ssrn=2425386|title=Video Killed the Radio Star? Online Music Videos and Digital Music Sales|issn=2042-2695|year=2014|author1=Tobias Kretschmer|author2=Christian Peukert|journal=Cep Discussion Paper}}</ref>

According to the IP Commission Report the annual cost of [[intellectual property infringement]] to the US economy "continues to exceed $225 billion in counterfeit goods, pirated software, and theft of trade secrets and could be as high as $600 billion."<ref>{{cite web |title=IP Commission Report |url=https://www.nbr.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/publications/IP_Commission_Report_Update.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nbr.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/publications/IP_Commission_Report_Update.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |website=NBR.org |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> A 2019 study sponsored by the [[Global Innovation Policy Center|US Chamber of Commerce Global Innovation Policy Center]] (GIPC), in partnership with [[NERA Economic Consulting]] "estimates that global online piracy costs the U.S. economy at least $29.2 billion in lost revenue each year."<ref>{{cite web |title=Impacts of Digital Piracy on the U.S. Economy |url=https://www.theglobalipcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Digital-Video-Piracy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.theglobalipcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Digital-Video-Piracy.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |website=GlobalInnovationPolicyCenter.com |access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref> An August 2021 report by the [[Digital Citizens Alliance]] states that "online criminals who offer stolen movies, TV shows, games, and live events through websites and apps are reaping $1.34 billion in annual advertising revenues." This comes as a result of users visiting pirate websites who are then subjected to pirated content, malware, and fraud.<ref>{{cite web |title=Advertising Fuels $1.34 Billion Illegal Piracy Market, Report by Digital Citizens Alliance and White Bullet Finds |url=https://www.digitalcitizensalliance.org/news/press-releases-2021/advertising-fuels-1.34-billion-illegal-piracy-market-report-by-digital-citizens-alliance-and-white-bullet-finds/ |website=Digital Citizens Alliance |access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref>