Editing Conservatism (section)

=== Asia ===
==== China ====
{{Main|Conservatism in China}}
{{Conservatism in China}}
Chinese conservatism can be traced back to [[Confucius]], whose [[Confucianism|philosophy]] is based on the values of loyalty, duty, and respect. He believed in a hierarchically organized society, [[Family as a model for the state#Confucian thought|modeled after the patriarchal family]] and headed by an [[Absolute monarchy|absolute sovereign]]. However, Confucius also believed that the state should employ a [[Meritocracy|meritocratic]] class of administrators and advisers, recruited by [[Imperial examination|civil service exams]]. An alternative school of thought called [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalism]] argued that administrative discipline, not Confucian virtue, was crucial for the governance of the state.<ref>{{Cite book |author-last=Kelly |author-first=P. J. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/828097386 |title=The Politics Book |date=2013 |publisher=DK |isbn=978-1-4093-6445-0 |pages=23–24|oclc=828097386 }}</ref>

For thousands of years, China was ruled by monarchs of various imperial dynasties. The [[Mandate of Heaven]] theory was invoked in order to legitimize the absolute authority of the Emperor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harari |first=Yuval Noah |title=Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-09-959008-8 |page=219}}</ref> The [[1911 Revolution|Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911 overthrew [[Puyi]], the last Chinese Emperor, and ushered in the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. Between 1927 and 1949, China was ruled by the nationalist party [[Kuomintang]], which became right-wing after General [[Chiang Kai-shek]] purged communists from his party. Following his defeat in the [[Chinese Civil War]] by the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP), Chiang continued ruling the island of [[Taiwan]] until his death in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reilly |first=Michael |date=October 17, 2021 |url=https://island.lk/taiwan-will-it-retain-independence-or-be-taken-over/ |title=Taiwan: Will it retain independence or be taken over? |work=The Island Online |access-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-date=November 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112235026/https://island.lk/taiwan-will-it-retain-independence-or-be-taken-over/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On the mainland, Chinese conservatism was vehemently opposed and suppressed by the CCP, especially during the [[Cultural Revolution]]. Members of the "[[Five Black Categories]]"—landlords, rich farmers, counter-revolutionaries, bad influencers, and right-wingers—were violently persecuted. Young people formed cadres of [[Red Guards]] throughout the country and sought to destroy the [[Four Olds]]: old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits—leading to the destruction of a large part of China's [[cultural heritage]], including historical artifacts and religious sites.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lu |first=Xing |title=Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought |date=2004 |page=2}}</ref> Among them, some Red Guards who embraced local officials were pejoratively called "[[Conservative Faction (Cultural Revolution)|conservatives]]".<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Hongbiao |last1=Yin |title=Ideological and political tendencies of factions in the red guard movement |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary China]] |date=November 1996 |volume=5 |issue=13 |pages=269–280 |doi=10.1080/10670569608724255 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670569608724255 |access-date=June 11, 2023}}</ref>

In recent decades, Chinese conservatism has experienced a national revival.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2017/08/17/the-communist-party-is-redefining-what-it-means-to-be-chinese |title=The Communist Party is redefining what it means to be Chinese |date=August 17, 2017 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=May 30, 2024}}</ref> The ancient schools of Confucianism and Legalism have made a return into mainstream Chinese thought.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=David K. |title=China's New Legalism |journal=The National Interest |date=2016 |issue=143 |pages=19–25 |jstor=26557304}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Ian |date=October 18, 2017 |title=Forget Marx and Mao. Chinese City Honors Once-Banned Confucian. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/world/asia/china-guiyang-wang-yangming-confucian.html |access-date=May 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Melvin |first=Sheila |title=Yu Dan and China's Return to Confucius |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/arts/29iht-melvin.1.7298367.html |access-date=August 18, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908124354/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/arts/29iht-melvin.1.7298367.html |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Wang Huning]], widely regarded as the [[Éminence grise|grey eminence]] and chief ideologue of the CCP, has criticized aspects of [[Marxism]] and recommended that China combine its historical and modern values.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=N.S. |date=October 11, 2021 |title=The Triumph and Terror of Wang Huning |url=https://palladiummag.com/2021/10/11/the-triumph-and-terror-of-wang-huning/ |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=Palladium}}</ref> General Secretary [[Xi Jinping]] has called traditional [[Chinese culture]] the "soul" of the nation and the "foundation" of the CCP.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zi |first=Yang |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Xi Jinping and China's Traditionalist Restoration |work=The Jamestown Foundation |url=https://jamestown.org/program/xi-jinping-chinas-traditionalist-restoration/ |access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cai |first=Jane |date=June 12, 2023 |title=How China's Xi Jinping promotes mix of Marxism and traditional culture to further Communist Party and 'Chinese dream' |work=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3223805/how-chinas-xi-jinping-promotes-mix-marxism-and-traditional-culture-further-communist-party-and  |access-date=June 22, 2024 |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612111635/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3223805/how-chinas-xi-jinping-promotes-mix-marxism-and-traditional-culture-further-communist-party-and  |url-status=live}}</ref> China has also developed a form of [[Authoritarian capitalism#China|authoritarian capitalism]] in recent years, further breaking with the orthodox communism of its past.<ref>{{cite book |date=2013 |chapter=China: Authoritarian Capitalism |title=The Oxford Handbook of Asian Business Systems |isbn=9780199654925 |last1=Witt |first1=Michael A. |last2=Redding |first2=Gordon |publisher=OUP Oxford}}</ref>  [[Neoauthoritarianism (China)|Neoauthoritarianism]] is a current of political thought that advocates a powerful state to facilitate [[Chinese economic reform|market reforms]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bramall |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9Rr-M8MXAEC&pg=PA475 |title=Chinese Economic Development |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-19051-5}}</ref> A major concern of modern Chinese conservatism is the preservation of traditional culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Aymeric |date=2020 |title=What Made Chinese Conservatism a Cultural Movement: A Case Study of the Southern Society |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/765149 |journal=Twentieth-Century China |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=331–350 |doi=10.1353/tcc.2020.0028 |issn=1940-5065}}</ref>
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==== India ====
{{Main|Conservatism in India}}
Indian politics has long been dominated by aristocratic and religious elites in one of the most hierarchically stratified nations in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://origins.osu.edu/article/right-wing-politics-india-Modi-Kashmir-election |title=Right wing politics in India, by Archana Venkatesh |publisher=osu.edu |date=October 1, 2019 |access-date=March 14, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Rao |author-first=Jaithirth |title=The Indian Conservative : A History of Indian Right-Wing Thought |year=2019 |publisher=Juggernaut |isbn=978-9353450625 |page=280 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hJLzQEACAAJ}}</ref> In modern times, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), led by [[Narendra Modi]], represents conservative politics. With over 170 million members as of October 2022, the BJP is by far the world's [[List of largest political parties|largest political party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 16, 2022 |title=BJP v CCP: The rise of the world's biggest political party |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/bjp-v-ccp-the-rise-of-the-world-s-biggest-political-party-20220916-p5bise.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701075444/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/bjp-v-ccp-the-rise-of-the-world-s-biggest-political-party-20220916-p5bise.html |archive-date=July 1, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 16, 2022 |title=How BJP became world's largest political party in 4 decades |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-10-charts-how-bjp-became-a-political-juggernaut-in-4-decades/articleshow/90680606.cms |url-status=live |access-date=July 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628205517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-10-charts-how-bjp-became-a-political-juggernaut-in-4-decades/articleshow/90680606.cms |archive-date=June 28, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Narendra Modi's Message to America |work=National Review |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/the-morning-jolt/narendra-modis-message-to-america/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701084716/https://www.nationalreview.com/the-morning-jolt/narendra-modis-message-to-america/ |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |quote="His Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP, or “Indian People’s Party”) is on the right of the Indian political spectrum. It is the largest political party in the world, with more members than the Chinese Communist Party, and supports Hindu nationalist ideology and economic development."}}</ref> It promotes [[Hindu nationalism]], quasi-fascist [[Hindutva]], a hostile foreign policy against Pakistan, and a conservative social and fiscal policy.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Abhilasha |last1=Kumari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urvvwXU_ZQkC&pg=PA83 |title=Crossing the Sacred Line: Women's Search for Political Power |first2=Sabina |last2=Kidwai |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-250-1434-8 |page=83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Angana P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology |title=Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India |last2=Hansen |first2=Thomas Blom |last3=Jaffrelot |first3=Christophe |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-007817-1 |pages=100–130 |access-date=June 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The BJP movement is both elitist and populist, attracting privileged groups that fear encroachment on their dominant positions as well as "plebeian" groups that seek recognition around a majoritarian rhetoric of cultural pride, social order, and national strength.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Hansen |author-first=Thomas Blom |title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9781400803422}}</ref>
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==== Iran ====
{{Conservatism in Iran}}
The [[Pahlavi dynasty]] replaced the [[Qajar dynasty]] in 1925 after a ''[[1921 Persian coup d'état|coup d'état]]'', ruling Iran as a [[constitutional monarchy]] from 1925 until 1953 and then as an autocratic monarchy from the U.S.-instigated [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|1953 ''coup d'état'']] until 1979.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Cyrus Ghani |author2=Sīrūs Ghanī |title=Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGZItY9kL0AC&pg=PA147 |date=January 6, 2001 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-629-4 |pages=147–}}</ref> In an attempt to introduce reform from above while preserving traditional relations of hierarchy, the [[Shah]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], launched the [[White Revolution]] in 1963 as a series of reforms of aggressive modernization, resulting in a great [[redistribution of wealth]] from the aristocratic landlord class to Iran's working class and explosive economic growth in subsequent decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=1979: Iran and America |newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/White-Revolution}}</ref> The [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979, supported by the clergy and the aristocracy, overthrew the monarchy and transformed the [[Imperial State of Iran]] to the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], thus replacing the [[progressive conservatism]] of the Shah monarchy with the [[reactionary conservatism]] of Islamic theocracy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Afkhami |first=Gholam-Reza |title=The Life and Times of the Shah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC |isbn=978-0-520-94216-5 |date=2009 |publisher=University of California Press |access-date=July 2, 2024 |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152458/https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC |url-status=live}}</ref> The two main political camps in today's Iran are the [[Iranian Principlists|Principlists]] and the [[Iranian reform movement|Reformists]].<ref>{{Citation |first=Masoud |last=Kazemzadeh |title=Intra-Elite Factionalism and the 2004 Majles Elections in Iran |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |year=2008 |volume=44 |number=2 |doi=10.1080/00263200701874867 |pages=189–214}}</ref>
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==== Israel ====
{{main|Conservatism in Israel}}
{{Conservatism in Israel}}
After the declaration of the [[State of Israel]], politics was initially dominated by left-wing parties, but overtime right-wing parties became increasingly powerful with conservatism now being the dominant ideology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shindler |first=Colin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjAZCgAAQBAJ |title=The Rise of the Israeli Right: from Odessa to Hebron |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521193788}}</ref> In the [[2022 Israeli legislative election|2022 election]], right-wing parties received 75 percent of the popular vote, a centrist party 17 percent and left-wing parties 7 percent, and the subsequent government has been variously described as the most right-wing, as well as the most religious, in Israeli history.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kershner |first1=Isabel |last2=Kingsley |first2=Patrick |date=November 1, 2022 |title=Israel Election: Exit Polls Show Netanyahu With Edge in Israel's Election |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/11/01/world/israel-election |access-date=November 6, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Maltz |first=Judy |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Will Israel Become a Theocracy? Religious Parties Are Election's Biggest Winners |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/2022-11-03/ty-article/.premium/will-israel-become-a-theocracy-religious-parties-are-elections-biggest-winners/00000184-3db9-dc3c-a1ac-bfbb83b40000 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref>

Israeli conservatism is based around upholding [[Jewish culture]], promotion of forms of [[Zionism]] that tend to be more [[List of irredentist claims or disputes#Israel and Palestine|irredentist]] in nature (i.e. [[Revisionist Zionism|Revisionist]] and [[Neo-Zionism]], which promote the idea of [[Greater Israel]], as compared to [[Zionism#Liberal Zionism|Liberal]] or [[Labor Zionism]], which are supportive of a [[two-state solution]]), promoting Israeli [[national security]], maintaining [[Halachic state|the role of religion and the Rabbinate in the public sphere]], support for the [[free market]], and [[Israel-United States relations|closer ties with the United States]].<ref name=":13">{{cite web |first1=Seth D. |last1=Kaplan |first2=Yitzhak |last2=Klein |title=The Rise of Conservatism in Israel |url=https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2020/08/the-rise-of-conservatism-in-israel/ |website=American Affairs Journal |date=August 20, 2020}}</ref>
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==== Japan ====
{{Main|Conservatism in Japan}}
{{Conservatism in Japan}}
Conservatism has been the dominant political ideology throughout modern Japanese history.<ref>{{cite book |title=How the Conservatives Rule Japan |author-last=Thayer |author-first=N. B. |isbn=9781400871414 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZh9BgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pempel |first=T. J. |title=Policy and Politics in Japan: Creative Conservatism |date=1982 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-0-87722-250-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwBhQgAACAAJ}}</ref> The right-wing conservative [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] has been the dominant ruling party since 1955, often referred to as the [[1955 System]].{{sfn|Heywood|2017|pp=63–64}} Therefore, some experts consider Japan a democratically elected [[one-party state]] since the populace always votes for the same conservative party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2021 |title=Japan as a One-Party State: The Future for Koizumi and Beyond |publisher=Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/japan-one-party-state-the-future-for-koizumi-and-beyond |access-date=April 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215044435/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/japan-one-party-state-the-future-for-koizumi-and-beyond |archive-date=February 15, 2021}}</ref>

Up until 1868, Japan was largely a [[Feudalism|feudal]] state ruled by members of the aristocratic [[Samurai]] order with its ''[[bushido]]'' code of honor. In the [[Meiji era]], a process of modernization, industrialization, and nationalization was initiated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite encyclopedia |date=June 26, 2024 |title=Conservatism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/conservatism/Conservatism-since-the-turn-of-the-20th-century |access-date=August 18, 2024 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Vritannica}}</ref> Power struggles between the old decentralized Samurai aristocracy and the new centralized imperial monarchy culminated in the [[Satsuma Rebellion]] in 1877 with imperial victory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mounsey |first=Augustus |title=The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History |year=1879}}</ref> During the era of [[World War II]], Japan was transformed into an ultranationalist, imperialist state that conquered much of east and southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1930s Japan: A Time of Turmoil and Transformation |url=https://wrightwood659.org/resources/1930s-japan-a-time-of-turmoil-and-transformation/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=Wrightwood 659}}</ref> Contemporary conservatives, notably during the second premiership of [[Shinzo Abe]] from 2012 to 2020, advocate for revising the country's constitution, particularly [[Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution|Article 9]] which renounces war and prohibits Japan from maintaining a military.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sieg |first=Linda |date=November 19, 2019 |title=Mission unaccomplished — Abe's drive to revise pacifist Constitution |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/11/19/national/politics-diplomacy/shinzo-abe-revise-constitution/ |access-date=April 18, 2024 |website=The Japan Times}}</ref>

Japan is the oldest continuing monarchy in the history of mankind, with [[Naruhito]] currently serving as [[Emperor of Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2016 |title=5 Things to know about Japan's emperor and imperial family |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/5-things-to-know-about-japans-emperor-and-imperial-family/ |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref> In accordance with the principle of monarchy, Japanese society has an authoritarian family structure with a traditionalist fatherly authority that is primarily transferred to the oldest son.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Todd |author-first=Emmanuel |title=The Explanation of Ideology: Family Structures and Social Systems |publisher=Blackwell |year=1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xk-EzQEACAAJ}}</ref>

[[Anti-communism#Japan and Manchukuo|Anti-communist]] and [[Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan|anti-Chinese sentiment]] is widespread in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2017 |title=Overview of the Public Opinion Survey on Diplomacy (page 4) |url=https://survey.gov-online.go.jp/h29/h29-gaiko/summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301153811/https://survey.gov-online.go.jp/h29/h29-gaiko/summary.pdf |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |website=Public Relations Office, Government of Japan}}</ref> In 1925 the [[Peace Preservation Law]] was enacted with the aim of allowing the [[Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu|Special Higher Police]] to suppress socialists and communists more effectively.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=McClain |author-first=James L. |title=Japan: A Modern History |date=2002 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0393041565 |page=390 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvuDPwAACAAJ}}</ref> In 1936 the [[Empire of Japan]] and [[Nazi Germany]] opposed the [[Communist International]] by signing the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]]—a pact later joined by the [[Kingdom of Italy]], [[Francoist Spain]], and the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waddington |first=Lorna L. |date=2007 |title=The Anti-Komintern and Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda in the 1930s |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=573–594 |doi=10.1177/0022009407081488}}</ref> The Japanese term ''[[tenkō]]'' refers to the coerced ideological conversions of Japanese socialists who were induced to renounce leftist ideology and enthusiastically embrace the monarchist, capitalist, and imperialist ideology favored by the state.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kapur |first=Nick |date=2018 |title=The Empire Strikes Back? : The 1968 Meiji Centennial Celebrations and the Revival of Japanese Nationalism |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10371397.2018.1543533 |journal=Japanese Studies |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=307 |doi=10.1080/10371397.2018.1543533}}</ref> In the late 1940s and early 1950s, during the [[Red Purge]], tens of thousands of supporters of left-wing groups, especially those affiliated with the [[Japanese Communist Party]], were removed from their jobs in government, schools, and universities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kapur |first=Nick |year=2018 |title=Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674984424 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ |page=10}}</ref>

''[[Nippon Kaigi]]'' is an ultraconservative and ultranationalist organization that exerts a significant influence over contemporary Japanese politics. In 2014, a majority of [[National Diet]] members were part of the group. Many ministers and a few prime ministers, including [[Fumio Kishida]], [[Tarō Asō]], [[Shinzō Abe]], and [[Yoshihide Suga]], have been members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2014 |title=Abe's reshuffle promotes right-wingers |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2014/09/04/politics/Abes-reshuffle-promotes-rightwingers/2994558.html |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=koreajoongangdaily.joins.com}}</ref>

A highly developed and industrialized nation, Japan is more capitalistic and Western-oriented than other Asian nations. Therefore, some experts consider Japan part of the [[Western world]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2021 |title=The Western World |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/list-of-western-countries.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> In 1960 [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan|a treaty]] was signed that established [[U.S.–Japan Alliance|a military alliance between the United States and Japan]]. However, the ultraconservative reactionary traditionalist [[Yukio Mishima]] feared that his fellow Japanese were too enamored of modernization and Western-style capitalism to protect traditional [[Japanese culture]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Inose |first1=Naoki |title=Persona: A Biography of Yukio Mishima. |last2=Sato |first2=Hiroaki |publisher=Stone Bridge Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61172-524-7 |pages=521–522}}</ref>
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==== Singapore ====
{{Conservatism in Singapore}}
Singapore's conservative party is the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), which promotes conservative values in the form of Asian democracy and [[Asian values]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Hussin |last=Mutalib |year=2004 |title=Parties and Politics. A Study of Opposition Parties and the PAP in Singapore |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=981-210-408-9 |page=20}}</ref> These values include: nation before community and society above self; family as the basic unit of society; regard and community support for the individual; consensus instead of contention, and racial and religious harmony. They are a contrast against the "more Westernised, individualistic, and self-centred outlook on life" and uphold the "traditional Asian ideas of morality, duty and society".<ref name="SV">{{cite web |last1=Tin Seng |first1=Lim |title=Shared Values |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=194d7f99-c8b6-408e-86cf-8ebfb8547d28 |website=www.nlb.gov.sg |publisher=[[National Library Board]] |access-date=January 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108063620/https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=194d7f99-c8b6-408e-86cf-8ebfb8547d28 |archive-date=January 8, 2024}}</ref>

The PAP is currently in [[Government of Singapore|government]] and has been since independence in 1965. Having governed for over six decades, the PAP is the longest uninterrupted governing party among modern multiparty parliamentary democracies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oliver |first1=Steven |last2=Ostwald |first2=Kai |date=2018 |title=Explaining Elections in Singapore: Dominant Party Resilience and Valence Politics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-east-asian-studies/article/explaining-elections-in-singapore-dominant-party-resilience-and-valence-politics/B4313DB214400AF11ED31DC80F673611 |journal=Journal of East Asian Studies |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=129–156 |doi=10.1017/jea.2018.15}}</ref> [[Singapore]] is a [[city state]] and has a reputation as a [[nanny state]], owing to the considerable number of government [[Law of Singapore|regulations and restrictions]] on its citizens' lives.<ref>[http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-03-29/after-lee-kuan-yew-singapore-should-relax-laws Time for Singapore to Grow Up], [[Bloomberg News]], March 29, 2015</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] [[Lee Kuan Yew]], the architect of the modern Singapore, observed: "If Singapore is a nanny state, then I am proud to have fostered one".<ref>[https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/lee-kuan-yew-singapores-founding-5383631 Lee Kuan Yew: Singapore's 'founding father' dies in hospital aged 91 after suffering with pneumonia], ''[[Daily Mirror]]'', March 22, 2015</ref> In an interview in the ''[[Straits Times]]'' in 1987, Lee said:

<blockquote>I am often accused of interfering in the private lives of citizens. Yes, if I did not, had I not done that, we wouldn't be here today. And I say without the slightest remorse, that we wouldn't be here, we would not have made economic progress, if we had not intervened on very personal matters–who your neighbour is, how you live, the noise you make, how you spit, or what language you use. We decide what is right. Never mind what the people think.<ref>[https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2015/03/23/5-quotes-from-lee-kuan-yew/ 5 Quotes From Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew], 23 March 2015</ref></blockquote>
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==== South Korea ====
{{Main|Conservatism in South Korea}}
{{Conservatism in South Korea}}
South Korean army general [[Park Chung Hee]] seized power in the [[May 16 coup]] of 1961, after which he was elected as the third [[President of South Korea]]. He introduced the highly authoritarian [[Yushin Constitution]], ushering in the [[Fourth Republic of Korea|Fourth Republic]]. He ruled the country as a dictator until [[Assassination of Park Chung Hee|his assassination]] by a fellow army general in 1979.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Byung-Kook |last2=Vogel |first2=E. F. |year=2013 |title=The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=200–205 |isbn=978-0-674-06106-4}}</ref>

Right-wing conservative parties have dominated South Korean politics for most of its modern history, while the main opposition parties have been moderate centrist and not left-wing. South Korea's major conservative party, the [[People Power Party (South Korea)|People Power Party]], has changed its form throughout its history. First it was the [[New Korea Party|Democratic-Liberal Party]] and its first head was [[Roh Tae-woo]], who was the first President of the [[Sixth Republic of South Korea]]. Democratic-Liberal Party was founded by the merging of [[Roh Tae-woo]]'s [[Democratic Justice Party]], [[Kim Young Sam]]'s [[Reunification Democratic Party]] and [[Kim Jong-pil]]'s [[New Democratic Republican Party]]. [[Kim Young-sam]] became the fourteenth President of Korea.

When the conservative party was beaten by the opposition party in the general election, it changed its form again to follow the party members' demand for reforms. It became the [[New Korea Party]], but it changed again one year later since the President Kim Young-sam was blamed by the citizen for the [[International Monetary Fund]].{{clarify|date=March 2014}} It changed its name to [[Liberty Korea Party|Grand National Party]] (GNP). Since the late [[Kim Dae-jung]] assumed the presidency in 1998, GNP had been the opposition party until [[Lee Myung-bak]] won the presidential election of [[2007 South Korean presidential election|2007]].
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