Editing Conduct disorder (section)

===Family and peer influences===
Elements of the family and social environment may also play a role in the development and maintenance of conduct disorder. For instance, antisocial behavior suggestive of conduct disorder is associated with single parent status, parental divorce, large family size, and the young age of mothers.<ref name="Hinshaw" /> However, these factors are difficult to tease apart from other demographic variables that are known to be linked with conduct disorder, including poverty and low [[socioeconomic status]]. Family functioning and parent–child interactions also play a substantial role in childhood aggression and conduct disorder, with low levels of parental involvement, inadequate supervision, and unpredictable discipline practices reinforcing youth's defiant behaviors. Moreover, maternal depression has a significant impact on conduct disordered children and can lead to negative reciprocal feedback between the mother and conduct disordered child.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardner |first=Frances E. M. |date=1992 |title=Parent—Child Interaction and Conduct Disorder |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23359338 |journal=Educational Psychology Review |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=135–163 |doi=10.1007/BF01322342 |jstor=23359338 |issn=1040-726X}}</ref> Peer influences have also been related to the development of antisocial behavior in youth, particularly peer rejection in childhood and association with deviant peers.<ref name="Hinshaw" /> Peer rejection is not only a marker of a number of [[externalizing disorders]], but also a contributing factor for the continuity of the disorders over time. Hinshaw and Lee (2003)<ref name="Hinshaw" /> also explain that association with deviant peers has been thought to influence the development of conduct disorder in two ways: 1) a "selection" process whereby youth with aggressive characteristics choose deviant friends, and 2) a "facilitation" process whereby deviant peer networks bolster patterns of antisocial behavior. In a separate study by Bonin and colleagues, parenting programs were shown to positively affect child behavior and reduce costs to the public sector.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bonin EM, Stevens M, Beecham J, Byford S, Parsonage M | year = 2011 | title = Costs and longer-term savings of parenting programmes for the prevention of persistent conduct disorder: a modelling study | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 11 | page = 803 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-11-803 | pmid=21999434 | pmc=3209459 | doi-access = free }}</ref>