Editing Cohabitation (section)

===Asia===
====Nepal====
In [[Nepal]], living together is socially acceptable only after marriage.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Marcantonio Caltabiano |author2=Maria Castiglioni |date=March 2008 |title=Changing Family Formation in Nepal: Marriage, Cohabitation and First Sexual Intercourse |journal= International Family Planning Perspectives |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.1363/3403008 |pmid=18440915 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, cohabitation is an emerging trend in urban areas of Nepal. Reports have shown that there may be significant number of unmarried couples cohabiting in cities, especially in the capital, [[Kathmandu]]. Even when unmarried couples cohabit they either prefer to remain anonymous or pose themselves as a married couple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://xnepali.net/movies/living-together-without-marriage-new-trend-in-nepali-society/|title=Living Together Without Marriage – New Trend in Nepali Society |work=Nepali Movies, Nepali Films|date=27 June 2010|access-date=22 August 2015}}</ref> Cohabitation is not recognized by the law of Nepal and there is no special provision to secure the right of cohabitants in Nepalese law.

====Bangladesh====
In Bangladesh, there are no laws prohibiting cohabitation but it is still socially unacceptable. However, cohabitation is becoming more common in urban areas due to western influence.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ishrat Hasan |date=10 August 2017 |title=Your Legal Advisor |url=https://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=88934 |website=The Daily Observer |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310081016/https://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=88934 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An unmarried couple may feel immense pressure to marry by their family, and will probably choose to live as if they were married and, if exposed, can be expelled from housing or university. Cohabitation has become tolerant in recent years, especially among youths.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f40f0072.html |publisher=Refugee Review Tribunal (Australia) |title=Research Response Number BGD32882 |date=12 February 2008 |access-date=27 June 2023 |via=refworld}}</ref>

====China====
In China, cohabitation has become popular among young adults. One study shows that the cohabitation rate before first marriage was over 20% for those born after 1977.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yu Jia |author2=Yu Xie |date=December 2015 |title=Cohabitation in China: Trends and Determinants |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=607–628 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00087.x |pmid=30416225 |pmc=6226097 |url=https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/yuxie/files/pdr414.yu_.pp607-628.pdf |access-date=22 April 2019 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310081020/https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/yuxie/files/pdr414.yu_.pp607-628.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another recent study shows that cohabitation increases the divorce likelihood for those married in the early-reform period, but premarital cohabitation has no effect on divorce for those married in the late-reform period in China.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/jomf.12419 |title=Premarital Cohabitation and Marital Dissolution in Postreform China |author=Yongjun Zhang |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=1435–1449 |year=2017 |url=http://osf.io/gsjf9/}}</ref>

====India====
[[Cohabitation in India]] had been historically a taboo in traditional Hindu and Muslim societies. However, recently, this is more acceptable and relatively frequent in the middle and upper classes in the major cities and other urban areas, but is not as common in rural areas and smaller rural towns which are more social conservative. Legally recognised as '''Live-in''' relationships, they have been legal in India ever since independence. Recent Indian court rulings have ascribed some rights to long-term cohabiting partners. Female live-in partners have protection rights under [[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005]] subject to following conditions as laid by Honourable [[Supreme Court of India]] in case of ''D. Velusamy v D. Patchaiammal'':

# The couple must hold themselves out to society as being akin to spouses.
# They must be of legal age to marry.
# They must be otherwise qualified to enter into a legal marriage, including being unmarried.
# They must have voluntarily cohabited and held themselves out to the world as being akin to spouses for a significant period of time.

On 12 June 2020, the Uttarakhand High Court reiterated in the case of Madhu Bala v. State of Uttarakhand and others (Habeas Corpus Petition No. 8 of 2020) that consensual cohabitation between two adults of the same-sex is legal and akin to an opposite sex relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian High Court Reaffirms Same-sex Couples' Right to Cohabitation |url=https://www.humanrightspulse.com/mastercontentblog/indian-high-court-reaffirms-same-sex-couples-right-to-cohabitation |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=Human Rights Pulse |date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

====Indonesia====
In Indonesia, an Islamic penal code proposed in 2005 would have made cohabitation punishable by up to two years in prison, but failed to pass.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/asia-pacific/4239177.stm | work=BBC News | title=Indonesia plans new morality laws | date=6 February 2005 | access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref> The practice is still frowned upon, and many low-end hotels and boarding houses have been raided by police for allowing unmarried couples to share a room.

====Japan====
In Japan, according to M. Iwasawa at the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, less than 3% of females between 25–29 are currently cohabiting, but more than one in five have had some experience of an unmarried partnership, including cohabitation. A more recent Iwasawa study has shown that there has been a recent emergence of non-marital cohabitation. Couples born in the 1950s cohort showed an incidence of cohabitation of 11.8%, where the 1960s and 1970s cohorts showed cohabitation rates of 30%, and 53.9% respectively. The split between urban and rural residence for people who had cohabited is indicates 68.8% were urban and 31.2% were rural.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=61321 |title=Unmarried Cohabitation and Family Formation in Japan |date=September 23, 2005 |author1=Miho Iwasawa |author2=James M. Raymo |author3=Larry Bumpass |access-date=26 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901174621/http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=61321}}</ref>

====Philippines====
In the [[Philippines]], around 2.4&nbsp;million Filipinos were cohabiting {{as of|2004|lc=y}}. The 2000 census placed the percentage of cohabiting couples at 19%. The majority of individuals are between the ages of 20–24. Poverty was often the main factor in decision to cohabit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/wedding/tomarryornot.html |title=tomarryornot |author=Clarissa V. Militante |date=c. 2007 |website=GMANews.TV |access-date=18 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611171539/http://www.gmanews.tv/wedding/tomarryornot.html}}</ref>

====Iran====
In [[Iran]], the cohabitation of two people is known as 'white marriage'. According to researchers, the number of white marriages in Iranian [[Metropolis|metropolises]] is increasing.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |display-authors=et al |year=2021 |title=House with Open Door A comprehensive research study on white marriage (cohabitation) in Iran |publisher=Mehri Publication |place=London, UK}}</ref><ref name=yyyy>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |date=2021-04-06 |title=Changing the Attitude of Young People Towards Marriage with a Focus on Law and Environmental Conditions such as Religion and Custom |journal=Psychology and Education Journal |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=5233–5244 |url=http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/6826 |issn=1553-6939 |language=en}} [http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/6826/5653 PDF]<br/>{{*}}{{cite conference |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |title=Changing the Attitude of Young People Towards Marriage with a Focus on Law and Environmental Conditions such as Religion and Custom |conference=8th International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences hosted by Cyprus Science University, Antalya, TURKEY |pages=314–328 |date=October 2022}}</ref><ref name=bbc-30391593>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-10 |title=Can Iran 'control' its cohabiting couples? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30391593 |access-date=2023-02-04 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=xxxx>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-05 |title=Iranian Couples Increasingly Living Together Outside of Marriage |url=https://iranhumanrights.org/2016/02/white-marriage/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Center for Human Rights in Iran}}</ref><ref name=LATimes>{{Cite web |author1=Ramin Mostaghim |author2=Sarah Parvini |date=2015-05-29 |title='White marriage' a growing trend for young couples in Iran |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-iran-white-marriage-20150529-story.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Mehrnaz Samimi |date=6 January 2014 |title=More unmarried couples living together in Iran |website=Al-Monitor |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2014/01/iranian-unmarried-couples-living-together.html |access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref><ref name=article/370805>{{Cite web |title=کلان شهر تهران و ظهور نشانه های الگوی تازه ای از روابط زن و مرد؛ مطالعه زمینه ها، فرایند، و پیامدهای هم خانگی |trans-title=Tehran metropolis and the emergence of signs of a new model of male-female relations; A study of contexts, processes, and consequences of domestication |website=پرتال جامع علوم انسانی |trans-website=Comprehensive humanities portal |url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/370805/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B8%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7-%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C |access-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201443/http://ensani.ir/fa/article/370805/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B8%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7-%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C |archive-date=4 February 2023 |url-status=dead |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=ازدواج سفید در ایران، جایگزین ازدواج سنتی و روش مبارزه با قوانین اسلامی |trans-title=White marriage in Iran, an alternative to traditional marriage and a method of fighting against Islamic laws |website=ایندیپندنت فارسی |trans-website=Farsi Independent |url=https://www.independentpersian.com/node/143326/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%8C-%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C |access-date=2023-02-04 |language=fa}}</ref>

Under Iranian law, which is based on [[Islamic Sharia Council|Islamic Sharia]] law, the cohabitation of a man and a woman outside the framework of official marriage is a crime.<ref name=bbc-30391593/><ref name=xxxx/><ref name=idUSL8N0XO11120150427>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-27 |title=Iran bans magazine for encouraging cohabitation over wedlock - report |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/iran-judiciary-publication-idUSL8N0XO11120150427 |access-date=2023-02-04 |work=Reuters}}<br/>{{*}}{{Cite news |agency=Reuters |date=2015-04-27 |title=Iran bans magazine after 'white marriage' special |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/27/iran-bans-magazine-white-marriage-unmarried-couples-cohabiting |access-date=2023-02-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

It is estimated that the duration of a cohabitation in Iran is between one and three years.<ref name=bbc-30391593/><ref name=a-45206118>{{Cite web |title=ازدواج سفید: تغییر سبک زندگی در ایران یا معضل اجتماعی؟ – DW – ۱۳۹۷/۶/۲ |trans-title=White marriage: lifestyle change in Iran or a social problem? - DW - 6/2/1397 |url=https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%BA%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C/a-45206118 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=dw.com |language=fa}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Relations outside of marriage in Iran and marriages without the accept of the family |place=Copenhagen |date=February 2018 |publisher=Danish Immigration Service |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5ab8ea1b4.pdf}}</ref> 

Cohabitation has no place in Iran from traditional social, legal and [[Religion|religious]] points of view.<ref name=xxxx/><ref name=idUSL8N0XO11120150427/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |title="زیر پوست شهر": تحلیل پدیده ازدواج سفید در کلان شهرهای ایران، |trans-title="Under the Skin of the City": Analysis of the White Marriage Phenomenon in Iran's Big Cities |journal=نشریه علمی مطالعات پژوهشی در علوم انسانی و علوم اجتماعی |trans-journal=Journal of Research Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=63 |date=Summer 2019 |pages=94–108 |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Esfandiari |first=Golnaz |date=6 December 2014 |title=Rise In Cohabitation Has Iran Officials Railing Against 'White Marriage' |work=RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/26728820.html |access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodziewicz |first=Magdalena |date=Summer 2020 |title=The Legal Debate on the Phenomenon of 'White Marriages' in Contemporary Iran |journal=Anthropology of the Middle East |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=50–63 |doi=10.3167/ame.2020.150105 |s2cid=218967303 |issn=1746-0719|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, cohabitation in Iran can be explained by considering recent cultural changes in Iranian society, including the growth of [[individualism]], [[modernity]], and fluid relationships, and the gaps and conflicts between values.<ref name=yyyy/><ref name=article/370805/><ref>{{Cite web |title= واکاوی پدیدارشناسانه (ازدواج سفید)، مورد مطالعه: جوانان شهر تهران |trans-title=Phenomenological analysis (white marriage), case study: Tehran youth |website=پرتال جامع علوم انسانی |trans-website=Comprehensive humanities portal |language=fa |url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/497377/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=2023-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201436/http://ensani.ir/fa/article/497377/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Nian Abdi |author2=Afroz Saz |author3=Alamet Betul |date=11 April 2018 |title=های پیامد و سفید ازدواج آن در ایران کشور |trans-title=The consequences and whiteness of its marriage in Iran |journal=مجله دستاوردهای نوین در مطالعات علوم انسانی |trans-journal=Journal of new achievements in humanities studies |language=fa |url=http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/1612094025-10144-99-74.pdf |access-date=4 February 2023 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201439/http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/1612094025-10144-99-74.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cohabitation: Iran's Common but Unrecognized Phenomenon |website=Iran Open Data |date=5 April 2022 |language=en |url=https://iranopendata.org/en/pages/56e |access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |title=Temporary and Child Marriages in Iran and Afghanistan |chapter=The Role of Temporary Marriage (TM) in Promoting Early Child Marriage (ECM) in Iran |date=2021 |work=Temporary and Child Marriages in Iran and Afghanistan: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Issues |pages=47–66 |editor-last=Hosseini |editor-first=S. Behnaz |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-33-4469-3_3 |isbn=978-981-334-469-3 |s2cid=234317299}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=آپارات - سرویس اشتراک ویدیو |trans-title=Aparat - video sharing service |url=https://www.aparat.com/v/98iFz |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=آپارات - سرویس اشتراک ویدیو |trans-website=Aparat - video sharing service |language=fa}}</ref>

Various factors such as economic crises and cultural and social changes in cities are reasons for the increase in the number of cohabitation in Iran. In other words, the emergence of [[capitalism]], the increase of job insecurity, the emergence of moral [[liberalism]], the revision of cultural traditions, the anonymity of people in cities, the elimination of the concepts and functions of neighborhoods, changes in family structures and the emergence of temporary relationships are among the major reasons for white marriage in Iran.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=yyyy/><ref name=LATimes/><ref name=a-45206118/><ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=برساخت اجتماعی ازدواج سفید |trans-title=The social construction of white marriage |website=پرتال جامع علوم انسانی |trans-website=Comprehensive humanities portal |language=fa |url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/464341/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF |access-date=2023-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201437/http://ensani.ir/fa/article/464341/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Omidvar |first1=Pouran |last2=Danesh |first2=Parvaneh |last3=Javaheri |first3=Fatemeh |last4=Zahedi Mazandarani |first4=Mohammad javad |date=2019-03-10 |title=Studying the cohabitation subculture in metropolis Tehran (backgrounds and consequents) |journal=Social Welfare Quarterly |volume=18 |issue=71 |pages=279–320 |doi=10.29252/refahj.18.71.8 |s2cid=200062397|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond the Shari'a: "White Marriages" in the Islamic Republic of Iran |publisher=Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) {{!}} انجمن ایران‌ پژوهی |url=https://associationforiranianstudies.org/content/beyond-sharia-white-marriages-islamic-republic-iran|access-date=2023-02-04|website=associationforiranianstudies.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="ازدواج سفید شبه قانونی" بدیلی در برابر ازدواج سنتی؟ – DW – ۱۳۹۶/۸/۱۱ |trans-title="White quasi-legal marriage" an alternative to traditional marriage? - DW - 8/11/1396 |website=dw.com |language=fa |url=https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C/a-41206307|access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref>

New research published by social anthropologist [[Kameel Ahmady]] and his team under the title '''''House with Open Door'':''' ''A Comprehensive Research Study on White Marriage (Cohabitation) in Iran'' reveals the previously concealed and multi-dimensional aspects of this phenomenon at the macro level, focusing on the [[Tehran]], [[Mashhad]] and [[Isfahan]] metropolitan areas. The research pieces argues that this phenomenon is more prevalent among educated and post-graduate young people who have migrated to metropolitan areas for work and education.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=yyyy/><ref name=a-45206118/><ref>{{Cite news |author=Niloufar Rostami |date=14 August 2019 |title=IranWire Speaks to Wife of Jailed Iranian-British Anthropologist |website=IranWire |language=en |url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/66235/ |access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kameel Ahmady |website=The Human Trafficking & Modern Slavery Expert Directory |url=https://www.humantraffickingexperts.com/main/business_details/359 |access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref>