Editing Claude Shannon (section)

===Shannon's computer chess program===
On March 9, 1949, Shannon presented a paper called "Programming a Computer for playing Chess". The paper was presented at the National Institute for Radio Engineers Convention in New York. He described how to program a computer to play chess based on position scoring and move selection. He proposed basic strategies for restricting the number of possibilities to be considered in a game of chess. In March 1950 it was published in ''[[Philosophical Magazine]]'', and is considered one of the first articles published on the topic of programming a computer for playing chess, and using a computer to solve the game.<ref name="CS"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://billwall.phpwebhosting.com/articles/computer_early_chess.htm|title=Early Computer Chess Programs by Bill Wall|website=billwall.phpwebhosting.com}}</ref> In 1950, Shannon wrote an article titled "A Chess-Playing Machine",<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shannon |first=Claude E. |date=1950 |title=A Chess-Playing Machine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24967381 |journal=Scientific American |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=48–51 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0250-48 |jstor=24967381 |pmid=15402252 |bibcode=1950SciAm.182b..48S |issn=0036-8733}}</ref> which was published in ''[[Scientific American]].'' Both papers have had immense influence and laid the foundations for future chess programs.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />

His process for having the computer decide on which move to make was a [[minimax]] procedure, based on an [[evaluation function]] of a given chess position. Shannon gave a rough example of an evaluation function in which the value of the black position was subtracted from that of the white position. ''Material'' was counted according to the usual [[chess piece relative value]] (1 point for a pawn, 3 points for a knight or bishop, 5 points for a rook, and 9 points for a queen).<ref>{{Citation | title = Artificial Dreams: The Quest for Non-biological Intelligence | author = Hamid Reza Ekbia | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-87867-8 | page = 46 | publisher = Cambridge University Press }}</ref> He considered some positional factors, subtracting ½ point for each [[doubled pawn]], [[backward pawn]], and [[isolated pawn]]; ''[[mobility (chess)|mobility]]'' was incorporated by adding 0.1 point for each legal move available.