Editing Cinnamon (section)

==Toxicity==
{{further|Coumarin|Lead}}
A systematic review of [[adverse events]] as a result of cinnamon use reported gastrointestinal disorders and allergic reactions as the most frequently reported side effects.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hajimonfarednejad|first1=M.|last2=Ostovar|first2=M.|last3=Raee|first3=M. J.|last4=Hashempur|first4=M. H.|last5=Mayer|first5=J. G.|last6=Heydari|first6=M.|title=Cinnamon: A systematic review of adverse events|journal=[[Clinical Nutrition (journal)|Clinical Nutrition]]|volume=38|issue=2|pages=594–602|date=1 April 2019|pmid=29661513|doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.013|s2cid=4942968}}</ref>

In 2008, the [[European Food Safety Authority]] considered the toxicity of coumarin, a component of cinnamon, and confirmed a maximum recommended [[tolerable daily intake]] (TDI) of 0.1&nbsp;mg of coumarin per kg of body weight. Coumarin is known to cause liver and kidney damage in high concentrations and metabolic effect in humans with [[CYP2A6]] [[Polymorphism (biology)|polymorphism]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harris|first=Emily|title=German Christmas Cookies Pose Health Danger|newspaper=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6672644|access-date=1 May 2007|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|archive-date=10 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510110952/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6672644|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=efsa>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2008.793|title=Coumarin in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC)|journal=[[EFSA Journal]]|volume=6|issue=10|page=793|date=7 October 2008|doi-access=}}</ref> Based on this assessment, the [[European Union]] set a guideline for maximum coumarin content in foodstuffs of 50&nbsp;mg per kg of dough in seasonal foods, and 15&nbsp;mg per kg in everyday baked foods.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/20/cinnamon-intake-food-argument-denmark|title=Cinnamon sparks spicy debate between Danish bakers and food authorities|last=Russell|first=Helen|date=20 December 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526163408/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/20/cinnamon-intake-food-argument-denmark|url-status=live}}</ref> The maximum recommended TDI of 0.1&nbsp;mg of coumarin per kg of body weight equates to 5&nbsp;mg of coumarin (or 5.6 g C. verum with 0.9&nbsp;mg coumarin per gram) for a body weight of 50&nbsp;kg. C as shown in the table below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | ''[[Cinnamomum cassia|C. cassia]]''
! colspan="2" | ''[[Cinnamomum verum|C. verum]]''
|-
! Min
! Max
! Min
! Max
|-
| mg coumarin/g cinnamon
| 0.085&nbsp;mg/g
| 12.18&nbsp;mg/g (He et al., 2005)<ref name= dan/>
| 0.007&nbsp;mg/g
| 0.9&nbsp;mg/g
|-
| [[Tolerable daily intake|TDI]] cinnamon at 50&nbsp;kg body weight (bw)
| 58.8&nbsp;g/bw
| 0.4&nbsp;g/bw
| 714.3&nbsp;g/bw
| '''5.6&nbsp;g/bw'''
|}

Due to the variable amount of coumarin in ''C. cassia'', usually well over 1.0&nbsp;mg of coumarin per g of cinnamon and sometimes up to 12 times that, ''C. cassia'' has a low safe-intake-level upper limit to adhere to the above TDI.<ref name=dan>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.014|title=Coumarin content in cinnamon containing food products on the Danish market|url=http://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Laboratorie/Food%20Control%20-%20Coumarin%20in%20Danish%20Food%20Products.pdf|journal=Food Control|volume=38|pages=198–203|year=2014|last1=Ballin|first1=Nicolai Z.|last2=Sørensen|first2=Ann T.|access-date=9 December 2015|archive-date=2 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802005156/http://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Laboratorie/Food%20Control%20-%20Coumarin%20in%20Danish%20Food%20Products.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast, ''C. verum'' has only trace amounts of coumarin.<ref name="Wang2013">{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Yan-Hong|last2=Avula|first2=Bharathi|last3=Nanayakkara|first3=N. P. Dhammika|last4=Zhao|first4=Jianping|last5=Khan|first5=Ikhlas A.|title=Cassia cinnamon as a source of coumarin in cinnamon-flavored food and food supplements in the United States|journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]|volume=61|issue=18|year=2013|pages=4470–4476|doi=10.1021/jf4005862|url=https://cinnamonvogue.com/DOWNLOADS/Cinnamon_and_coumarin.pdf|pmid=23627682|bibcode=2013JAFC...61.4470W |access-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505233039/http://www.cinnamonvogue.com/DOWNLOADS/Cinnamon_and_coumarin.pdf|archive-date=5 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In March 2024, the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] recommended a voluntary recall on 6 brands of cinnamon due to contamination with [[lead]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/alerts-advisories-safety-information/fda-alert-concerning-certain-cinnamon-products-due-presence-elevated-levels-lead|title=FDA Alert Concerning Certain Cinnamon Products Due to Presence of Elevated Levels of Lead|website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |date=6 March 2024|access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref> after an investigation stemming from 500 reports of child lead poisoning across the US.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/cinnamon-lead-applesauce-wanabana-fda-344066a22a729d176c0c732180f48247|title=Lead-tainted cinnamon has been recalled. Here's what you should know|last=Aleccia|first=Jonel|date=8 March 2024|access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref> The FDA determined that cinnamon was adulterated with [[lead chromate]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/investigation-elevated-lead-chromium-levels-cinnamon-applesauce-pouches-november-2023|title=Investigation of Elevated Lead & Chromium Levels: Cinnamon Applesauce Pouches (November 2023)|website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |date=16 April 2024|access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref>