Editing Cilicia (section)

=== Armenian Cilicia and the Crusades ===
{{Main|Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia}}
{{See also|List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia}}
[[File:Cilician Armenia-en.svg|thumb|right|200px|The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, 1199–1375.]]

During the time of the [[First Crusade]], the area was controlled by the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]]. The [[Seljuk Turk]]ish invasions of Armenia were followed by an exodus of Armenians migrating westward into the Byzantine Empire, and in 1080 [[Ruben I of Armenia|Ruben]], a relative of the last king of [[Ani (Armenia)|Ani]], founded in the heart of the Cilician Taurus a small principality which gradually expanded into the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]]. This Christian state, surrounded by Muslim states hostile to its existence, had a stormy history of about 300 years, giving valuable support to the Crusaders, and trading with the great commercial cities of Italy.<ref name=EB1911 />

It prospered for three centuries due to the vast network of fortifications which secured all the major roads as well as the three principal harbours at [[Yumurtalık|Ayas]], [[Corycus|Koŕikos]], and [[Mopsuestia]].<ref name=edwardsrw>{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Robert W. |title=The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII |date=1987 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0-88402-163-7 |pages=3–288}}</ref> Through their complex alliances with the Crusader states, the Armenian barons and kings often invited Crusaders to maintain castles in and along the borders of the Kingdom, including [[Bagras]], [[Trapessac]], [[Toprakkale, Osmaniye|T‛il Hamtun]], [[Düziçi|Harunia]], [[Silifke Castle|Selefkia]], [[Amouda]], and [[Sarvandikar]].

[[Constantine I, Prince of Armenia|Gosdantin]] (r. 1095 – c.&nbsp;1100) assisted the [[First Crusade|Crusaders]] on their march to [[Antioch]], and was created knight and [[marquis]]. [[Thoros I of Armenia|Thoros I]] (r. c.&nbsp;1100 – 1129), in alliance with the Christian princes of Syria, waged successful wars against the Byzantines and Seljuk Turks. [[Leo II, Prince of Armenia|Levon II]] (Leo the Great (r. 1187–1219)), extended the kingdom beyond [[Taurus Mountains|Mount Taurus]] and established the capital at [[Kozan, Adana|Sis]]. He assisted the Crusaders, was crowned King by the [[Archbishop of Mainz]], and married one of the [[Lusignan]]s of the Crusader [[Kingdom of Cyprus]].<ref name=EB1911 />

==== Mongols ====
[[File:Ethnic Map Of Cilicia Eng.jpg|thumb|200px|Ethnic map of Cilicia and vicinity at the thirteenth century AD]]

[[Hetoum I of Armenia|Hetoum I]] (r. 1226–1270) made an alliance with the [[Mongols]],<ref name=EB1911 /> sending his brother [[Sempad the Constable|Sempad]] to the Mongol court in person.<ref>Peter Jackson, ''Mongols and the West'', p. 74. "King Het'um of Lesser Armenia, who had reflected profoundly upon the deliverance afforded by the Mongols from his neighbors and enemies in Rum, sent his brother, the Constable Smbat (Sempad) to Guyug's court to offer his submission."</ref><ref>Angus Donal Stewart, "Logic of Conquest", p. 8. "The Armenian king saw an alliance with the Mongols – or, more accurately, swift and peaceful subjection to them – as the best course of action."</ref> The Mongols then assisted with the defence of Cilicia from the [[Mamluk]]s of Egypt, until the Mongols themselves converted to Islam.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Cilicia|volume=6|pages=365–366|inline=1}}</ref>

==== Turkmens ====
The [[Ilkhanate]] lost cohesion after the death of [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan|Abu Sa'id]] (r. 1316–1335), and thus could not support the Armenian Kingdom in guarding Cilicia. Internal conflicts within the Armenian Kingdom and the devastation caused by the [[Black Death]] that arrived in 1348, led nomadic Türkmens to turn their eyes towards unstable Cilicia. In 1352, Ramazan Beg led Turkmens settled south of Çaldağı and founded their first settlement, [[Camili, Yüreğir|Camili]]. Later that year, Ramazan Beg visited [[Cairo]] and was licensed by the Sultan to establish the new frontier ''Turkmen Emirate'' in Cilicia.<ref name=Shai>{{cite book |last=Har-El |first=Shai |title=Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485–91 |location=Leiden, New York, Köln |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1995 |isbn=978-9004101807}}</ref>

Yüreğir Türkmens lived as a small community for 7 years in southeast of Adana, and named their new land, [[Yüreğir]].

==== Collapse ====
When [[Leo V of Armenia|Levon V]] died (1342), John of Lusignan was crowned king as [[Constantine IV of Armenia|Gosdantin IV]]; but he and his successors alienated the native Armenians by attempting to make them conform to the [[Roman Catholic|Roman Church]], and by giving all posts of honour to [[Latins (Middle Ages)|Latins]], until at last the kingdom, falling prey to internal dissensions, ceded Cilicia Pedias to the [[Ramadanid]]-supported [[Mamluk Egypt|Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt]] in 1375.<ref name=EB1911 />