Editing Christina, Queen of Sweden (section)

==Later life==
[[File:Drottning Kristina - Nationalmuseum - 39675.tif|thumb|left|The elderly Christina]]
Christina's fourth and last entry in Rome took place on 22 November 1668. Clement IX often visited her; they had a shared interest in plays. Christina organized meetings of the Accademia in the Great Hall<ref>Queen Christina of Sweden as a Patron of Music in Rome in the Mid-Seventeenth Century by TESSA MURDOCH. In: The Music Room in Early Modern France and Italy. Published by British Academy, 2012.</ref> which had ‘a platform for singers and players’.<ref>Spaces for Musical Performance in Seventeenth-Century Roman Residences by ARNALDO MORELLI, p. 315</ref> When the pope suffered a stroke, she was among the few he wanted to see at his deathbed. In 1671, Christina established Rome's first public theatre in a former jail, [[Tor di Nona]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Music History: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Music By Iain Fenlon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81ZwlEGrpL4C&pg=PA222 |isbn = 9780521104319|last1 = Fenlon|first1 = Iain|date = 19 March 2009| publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>

The new pope, [[Pope Clement X|Clement X]], worried about the influence of theatre on public morals. When [[Pope Innocent XI|Innocent XI]] became pope, things turned even worse; within a few years he turned Christina's theatre into a storeroom for grain, although he had been a frequent guest in her royal box with the other cardinals. He forbade women to perform with song or acting, and the wearing of decolleté dresses. Christina considered this sheer nonsense, and let women perform in her palace. In 1675, she invited [[António Vieira]] to become her confessor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antonio-Vieira|title=Antonio Vieira – Portuguese author and diplomat|access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Itinerant doctor  [[Nicolaas Heinsius the Younger]], the legitimized son of a former [[literatus]] at Christina's court in Stockholm, arrived in Rome in 1679, converted and was appointed the Queen's personal physician until about 1687, providing autobiographical material for his [[picaresque novel]],''The Delightful Adventures and Wonderful Life of Mirandor'' (1695).<ref>Den Vermakelijken Avonturier, ofte de Wispelturige en niet min wonderlijke levensloop van Mirandor; behelsende verscheide kluchtige en vermakelijke bejegeningen, toevallen, amourettes, enz. door N.H. (Amsterdam 1695)</ref> Christina wrote an unfinished autobiography, of which there are several drafts extant,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaHdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA306|title=The 17th and 18th Centuries: Dictionary of World Biography|first=Frank N.|last=Magill|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|access-date=10 July 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9781135924140}}</ref> essays on her heroes Alexander the Great, Cyrus the Great and Julius Cæsar, on art and music (“Pensées, L’Ouvrage du Loisir” and “Les Sentiments Héroïques”)<ref name="waithe"/> and acted as patron to musicians and poets as [[Vincenzo da Filicaja]].{{efn|In her basement there was a laboratory, where she, [[Giuseppe Francesco Borri]] and Azzolino experimented with [[alchemy]].}} [[Carlo Ambrogio Lonati]] and [[Giacomo Carissimi]] were [[Kapellmeister]]; [[Lelio Colista]] luteplayer; [[Loreto Vittori]] and [[Marco Marazzoli]] singers and [[Sebastiano Baldini]] librettist.<ref>{{cite web |last=Losleben |first=Katrin |date=2006 |url=http://mugi.hfmt-hamburg.de/A_lexartikel/lexartikel.php?id=kris1626 |website=Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg |title=Music and gender: Kristina of Sweden |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830205504/http://mugi.hfmt-hamburg.de/A_lexartikel/lexartikel.php?id=kris1626 |archive-date=August 30, 2011 |access-date=March 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Talbot |first=Michael |date=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIQ2ww3tN44C |title=Aspects of the secular cantata in late Baroque Italy |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|isbn=9780754657941 }}</ref> She had [[Alessandro Stradella]] and [[Bernardo Pasquini]] to compose for her; [[Arcangelo Corelli]] dedicated his first work, ''Sonata da chiesa opus 1'', to her.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wiki.ccarh.org/wiki/MuseData:_Arcangelo_Corelli |title=MuseData: Arcangelo Corelli |publisher=Wiki.ccarh.org |date=2011-02-08 |access-date=2012-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331001248/http://wiki.ccarh.org/wiki/MuseData:_Arcangelo_Corelli |archive-date=2012-03-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gordillo |first=Bernard |url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/harmonia/queen-christina-sweden/ |title=Queen Christina of Sweden |publisher=Indiana Public Media |date=2011-03-07 |access-date=2012-03-09}}</ref> On 2 February 1687 Corelli or [[Alessandro Scarlatti]] directed a tremendous orchestra<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vo9tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|title=Queen Anne: Patroness of Arts|first=James Anderson|last=Winn|date=10 July 2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=10 July 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780199372195}}</ref> performing a Pasquini cantata in praise for [[James II of England|James II]], England's first Catholic monarch since [[Mary I]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZtB8qS8UTcC&pg=PA87 |title=Music in the seventeenth century |first=Lorenzo |last=Bianconi |publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge |location=Cambridge |page=87 |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-521-26290-3 |access-date=2012-03-09}}</ref><!--, who had been crowned on 6 February 1685, and issued the [[Declaration of Indulgence]] on 12 February 1687, also known as the Declaration for Liberty of Conscience.<ref>Kenyon, J.P., The Stuart Constitution 1603–1688, Documents and Commentary, 2d ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986. {{ISBN|0-521-31327-9}}, p. 389–391</ref>--> to welcome [[Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine]] as the new ambassador to the Vatican, accompanied by the painter [[John Michael Wright#Roman embassy|John Michael Wright]], who knew Rome and spoke Italian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lib.rochester.edu/index.cfm?PAGE=4477|title=Collection Highlight: Wright. Raggvaglio della Solenne... – RBSCP|website=www.lib.rochester.edu|access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>

In 1656, Christina appointed Carissimi as her ''maestro di cappella del concerto di camera''. Lars Berglund has hypothesized that Christina's early involvement with Italian music when still in Sweden, and in particular church music from Rome, "was likely closely linked to Christina’s self-fashioning strategies and related to the precarious negotiations she was about to embark on as a result of her extraordinary decisions to abdicate, leave the country, convert to Catholicism, and settle in Papal Rome."<ref>Lars Berglund and Maria Schildt, [https://publicera.kb.se/stm-sjm/article/view/18604/20644 "Prelude to an Abdication"], ''Svensk tidskrift för musikforskning 106'' (2024)</ref>

Christina's politics and rebellious spirit persisted long after her abdication of power. When Louis XIV revoked the [[Edict of Nantes]], abolishing the rights of French Protestants ([[Huguenots]]), Christina wrote an indignant letter, dated  2 February 1686, directed at the French ambassador [[Cesar d'Estrees]]. Louis did not appreciate her views, but Christina was not to be silenced.  In Rome, she made Pope Clement X prohibit the custom of chasing [[Jews]] through the streets during the carnival. On 15 August 1686, she issued a declaration that Roman Jews were under her protection, signed ''la Regina'' – the queen.<ref name="iep.utm.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/wasa/|title=Wasa, Kristina – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|website=www.iep.utm.edu|access-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711031004/http://www.iep.utm.edu/wasa/|archive-date=11 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsnyc.com/season/kristina.htm|title=Kristina by August Strindberg|website=www.jsnyc.com|access-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915190601/http://www.jsnyc.com/season/kristina.htm|archive-date=2015-09-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Christina remained very tolerant towards the beliefs of others all her life. She on her part felt more attracted to the views of the Spanish priest [[Miguel Molinos]], whom she employed as a private [[theologian]]. He had been investigated by the [[Holy Inquisition]] for proclaiming that [[sin]] belonged to the lower sensual part of man and was not subject to man's free will. Christina sent him food and hundreds of letters when he was locked up in [[Castel Sant'Angelo]].<ref name=Buckley/>