Editing Chimpanzee (section)

===Tool use===
{{further |Tool use by animals}}
[[File:Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv|thumb|right |Chimpanzees using twigs to dip for ants]]
Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools. They modify sticks, rocks, grass, and leaves and use them when foraging for termites and ants,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Humle |first1=T. |last2=Matsuzawa |first2=T. |date=2001 |title=Behavioural diversity among the wild chimpanzee populations of Bossou and neighbouring areas, Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa |journal=Folia Primatologica |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.1159/000049924 |pmid=11490130 |s2cid=19827175 |issn=0015-5713}}</ref> nuts,<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ohashi |first=G. |date=2015 |title=Pestle-pounding and nut-cracking by wild chimpanzees at Kpala, Liberia |journal=Primates |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.1007/s10329-015-0459-1 |pmid=25721009 |s2cid=18857210 |issn=0032-8332}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hannah |first1=A. C. |last2=McGrew |first2=W. C. |date=1987 |title=Chimpanzees using stones to crack open oil palm nuts in Liberia |journal=Primates |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=31–46 |doi=10.1007/BF02382181 |s2cid=24738945 |issn=1610-7365}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marshall-Pescini |first1=S. |last2=Whiten |first2=A. |date=2008 |title=Chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes'') and the question of cumulative culture: an experimental approach |journal=Animal Cognition |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=449–456 |doi=10.1007/s10071-007-0135-y |pmid=18204869 |s2cid=25295372 |issn=1435-9448}}</ref> honey,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boesch |first1=C. |last2=Head |first2=J. |last3=Robbins |first3=M. M. |date=June 2009 |title=Complex tool sets for honey extraction among chimpanzees in Loango National Park, Gabon |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=560–569 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.04.001 |pmid=19457542 |bibcode=2009JHumE..56..560B |issn=0047-2484}}</ref> algae<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boesch |first1=C. |last2=Kalan |first2=A. K. |last3=Agbor |first3=A. |last4=Arandjelovic |first4=M. |last5=Dieguez |first5=P. |last6=Lapeyre |first6=V. |last7=Kühl |first7=H. S. |date=2016 |title=Chimpanzees routinely fish for algae with tools during the dry season in Bakoun, Guinea |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=e22613 |doi=10.1002/ajp.22613 |pmid=27813136 |s2cid=24832972 |issn=0275-2565}}</ref> or water. Despite the lack of complexity, forethought and skill are apparent in making these tools.<ref name="Boesch1993">{{cite book |author=Boesch, C. |author2=Boesch, H. |date=1993 |chapter=Diversity of tool use and tool-making in wild chimpanzees |pages=158–87 |editor=Berthelet, A. |editor2=Chavaillon, J. |title=The Use of Tools by Human and Non-human Primates |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-852263-8}}</ref> Chimpanzees have used stone tools since at least 4,300 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mercader. J. |display-authors=etal |title=4,300-year-old chimpanzee sites and the origins of percussive stone technology |journal=PNAS |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=3043–8 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17360606 |pmc=1805589 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0607909104 |bibcode=2007PNAS..104.3043M |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A chimpanzee from the [[Kasakela chimpanzee community]] was the first nonhuman animal reported making a tool, by modifying a twig to use as an instrument for extracting termites from their mound.<ref name="Goodall 1971">{{cite book |title=In the Shadow of Man |author=Goodall, J. |author-link=Jane Goodall |pages=[https://archive.org/details/inshadowofman300good/page/35 35–37] |year=1971 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=978-0-395-33145-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/inshadowofman300good/page/35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe timeline |url=http://www.janegoodall.org/jane/study-corner/chimpanzees/gombe-timeline.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125194313/http://www.janegoodall.org/jane/study-corner/chimpanzees/gombe-timeline.asp |archive-date=25 January 2008 |publisher=[[Jane Goodall Institute]] |access-date=5 March 2009}}</ref> At Taï, chimpanzees simply use their hands to extract termites.<ref name="Boesch1993"/> When foraging for honey, chimpanzees use modified short sticks to scoop the honey out of the hive if the bees are [[Stingless bees|stingless]]. For hives of the dangerous [[African honeybee]]s, chimpanzees use longer and thinner sticks to extract the honey.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stanford, C. B. |display-authors=etal |title=Chimpanzees in Bwindi-Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, use different tools to obtain different types of honey |journal=Primates; Journal of Primatology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=337–341 |date=July 2000 |pmid=30545184 |doi=10.1007/BF02557602 |s2cid=23000084}}</ref>

Chimpanzees also fish for ants using the same tactic.<ref name="Boesch Boesch 1982"/> Ant dipping is difficult and some chimpanzees never master it. West African chimpanzees crack open hard nuts with stones or branches.<ref name="Boesch1993"/><ref name="Boesch Boesch 1982">{{cite journal |last1=Boesch |first1=C. |last2=Boesch |first2=H. |s2cid=85037244 |title=Optimisation of nut-cracking with natural hammers by wild chimpanzees |journal=Behaviour |date=1982 |volume=83 |issue=3/4 |pages=265–286 |jstor=4534230 |doi=10.1163/156853983x00192}}</ref> Some forethought in this activity is apparent, as these tools are not found together or where the nuts are collected. Nut cracking is also difficult and must be learned.<ref name="Boesch Boesch 1982"/> Chimpanzees also use leaves as sponges or spoons to drink water.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sugiyama, Y. |year=1995 |title=Drinking tools of wild chimpanzees at Bossou |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=263–269 |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350370308 |pmid=31936951 |s2cid=86473603}}</ref>

West African chimpanzees in Senegal were found to sharpen sticks with their teeth, which were then used to spear [[Senegal bushbaby|Senegal bushbabies]] out of small holes in trees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/female-chimps-seen-making-wielding-spears-150414.htm |title=Female chimps seen making, wielding spears |last1=Viegas |first1=J. |date=14 April 2015 |publisher=Discovery |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415123148/http://news.discovery.com/animals/female-chimps-seen-making-wielding-spears-150414.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> An eastern chimpanzee has been observed using a modified branch as a tool to capture a [[squirrel]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Huffman, M. A. |author2=Kalunde, M. S. |title=Tool-assisted predation on a squirrel by a female chimpanzee in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania |journal=Primates |date=January 1993 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=93–98 |doi=10.1007/BF02381285 |s2cid=28006860}}</ref> Chimpanzees living in Tanzania were found to deliberately choose plants that provide materials that produce more flexible tools for termite fishing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pascual-Garrido |first1=Alejandra |last2=Carvalho |first2=Susana |last3=Mjungu |first3=Deus |last4=Schulz-Kornas |first4=Ellen |last5=Casteren |first5=Adam van |date=2025-03-24 |title=Engineering skills in the manufacture of tools by wild chimpanzees |url=https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(25)00419-5?_returnURL=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589004225004195?showall=true |journal=iScience |language=English |volume= |issue= |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2025.112158 |issn=2589-0042|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Whilst experimental studies on captive chimpanzees have found that many of their species-typical tool-use behaviours can be individually learnt by each chimpanzees,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandini |first1=E. |last2=Tennie |first2=C. |title=Exploring the role of individual learning in animal tool-use |journal=PeerJ |date=2020 |volume=8 |issue=e9877 |pages=e9877 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9877 |pmid=33033659 |pmc=7521350 |doi-access=free }}</ref> a 2021 study on their abilities to make and use stone flakes, in a similar way as hypothesised for early hominins, did not find this behaviour across two populations of chimpanzees—suggesting that this behaviour is outside the chimpanzee species-typical range.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandini |first1=E. |last2=Motes-Rodrigo |first2=A. |last3=Archer |first3=W. |last4=Minchin |first4=T. |last5=Axelsen |first5=H. |last6=Hernandez-Aguilar |first6=R. A. |last7=McPherron |first7=S. |last8=Tennie |first8=C. |title=Naïve, unenculturated chimpanzees fail to make and use flaked stone tools |journal=Open Research Europe |date=2021 |volume=1 |issue=20 |page=20 |doi=10.12688/openreseurope.13186.2|pmid=35253007 |pmc=7612464 |s2cid=237868827 |doi-access=free }}</ref>