Editing Chicken (section)

=== In science===

Chickens have long been used as [[model organism]]s to study developing embryos. Large numbers of embryos can be provided commercially; fertilized eggs can easily be opened and used to observe the developing embryo. Equally important, embryologists can carry out experiments on such embryos, close the egg again and study the effects later in development. For instance, many important discoveries in [[limb development]] have been made using chicken embryos, such as the discovery of the [[apical ectodermal ridge]] and the [[zone of polarizing activity]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Young |first1=John J. |last2=Tabin |first2=Clifford J. |title=Saunders's framework for understanding limb development as a platform for investigating limb evolution |journal=Developmental Biology |date=September 2017 |volume=429 |issue=2 |pages=401–408 |doi=10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.005 |pmid=27840200 |pmc=5426996 }}</ref>

The chicken was the first bird species to have its [[genome]] sequenced.<ref>{{cite journal |author=International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium |title=Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution |journal=Nature |date=December 9, 2004 |volume=432 |issue=7018 |pages=695–716 |doi=10.1038/nature03154 |pmid=15592404 |bibcode=2004Natur.432..695C |doi-access=free }}</ref> At 1.21 [[Gigabase|Gb]], the chicken genome is similarly sized compared to other birds, but smaller than nearly all mammals: the [[human genome]] is 3.2 [[Gigabase|Gb]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gregory |first1=T. Ryan |title=Synergy between sequence and size in Large-scale genomics |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |date=September 2005 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=699–708 |doi=10.1038/nrg1674|pmid=16151375 |s2cid=24237594 }}</ref> The final gene set contained 26,640 genes (including noncoding genes and [[pseudogene]]s), with a total of 19,119 protein-coding genes, a similar number to the human genome.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Warren |first1=Wesley C. |last2=Hillier |first2=LaDeana W. |last3=Tomlinson |first3=Chad |last4=Minx |first4=Patrick |last5=Kremitzki |first5=Milinn |last6=Graves |first6=Tina |last7=Markovic |first7=Chris |last8=Bouk |first8=Nathan |last9=Pruitt |first9=Kim D. |last10=Thibaud-Nissen |first10=Francoise |last11=Schneider |first11=Valerie |last12=Mansour |first12=Tamer A. |display-authors=6 |title=A New Chicken Genome Assembly Provides Insight into Avian Genome Structure |journal=G3 |date=January 2017 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=109–117 |doi=10.1534/g3.116.035923 |pmid=27852011 |pmc=5217101 }}</ref> In 2006, scientists researching the ancestry of birds switched on a chicken [[recessive gene]], ''talpid2'', and found that the embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth, like those found in ancient bird fossils.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=1666805 Scientists Find Chickens Retain Ancient Ability to Grow Teeth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620230515/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=1666805 |date=June 20, 2008 }} Ammu Kannampilly, [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]], February 27, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2007.</ref>