Editing Challenger 2 (section)

=== HAAIP ===

Updates to the automotive components of Challenger 2 are being undertaken as part of the ongoing Heavy Armour Automotive Improvement Programme (HAAIP), which is expected to continue until 2031, and expected to align with the Challenger 3 programme.<ref name="DVD 2018: BAE Systems' Challenger 2 demonstrator - Black Night">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/clrF_-Il7zo Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200820213433/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clrF_-Il7zo&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clrF_-Il7zo |title=DVD 2018: BAE Systems' Challenger 2 demonstrator - Black Night |publisher=Jane's by IHS Markit |date=21 September 2018 |access-date=22 September 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="The Procurement Of HAAIP Main Engine Cooling Fans – Annex A"/> The HAAIP programme "will be made to existing in-service Challenger 2 tanks to increase their mobility and stability, both of which are critical to providing the foundation for the new turret and systems that will upgrade the vehicle to a Challenger 3."<ref name="amu">{{cite news |title=Challenger 2 vehicles prepared for an upgrade |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2021/07/challenger-2-vehicles-prepared-for-an-upgrade/ |publisher=army.mod.uk |date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

HAAIP has already led to upgrades to the air filtration system, through the use of cleanable air filters with increased operating life, which were tested in [[Exercise Saif Sareea 3]] in October 2018.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=The Bulletin - Winter 2018/9 |access-date=21 August 2019 |url=https://www.baesystems.com/en/download-en/20190304155957/1434610861920.pdf}}</ref> The HAAIP programme, awarded to BAE Systems, was intended to apply a common engine and suspension standard to Challenger 2, the DTT, [[Challenger 1#CRAARV|CRARRV]], Titan and Trojan, improving reliability.<ref name="Armoured Fighting Vehicles:Written question - HL271">{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Lords/2020-01-09/HL271 |title=Armoured Fighting Vehicles:Written question - HL271 |publisher=UK Parliament |date=9 January 2020 |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> However the Minister of State for Defence announced in April 2022 that a common engine (build standard) will be applied to Challenger 2, Challenger 3 and CRARRV only after a new refrigerant is found for the CTCS (Crew Temperature Control System).<ref name="Challenger Tanks: Engines (Qs.2)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2022-04-06.HL7764.h&s=speaker%3A25229#gHL7764.q0 |title=Challenger Tanks: Engines (Qs.2) |website=TheyWorkForYou |publisher=UK Parliament |date=22 April 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>

In terms of the powertrain, BAE Systems were evaluating whether to uprate the existing CV12 engine or swap this for alternative designs. The proposed CV12 upgrade by [[Caterpillar Inc.#Caterpillar Defense Products|Caterpillar Defense]] would fit electronically controlled common rail fuel injection and introduce engine health monitoring (HUMS). This would increase the maximum power output from 1,200{{spaces}}bhp (at 2,300&nbsp;rpm) to 1,500{{spaces}}bhp (at 2,400&nbsp;rpm), reduce battlefield smoke emissions, and improve fleet reliability and availability.<ref name="CV12 Military Engine">{{cite web |url=https://docs.tuyap.online/FDOCS/22431.pdf |title=CV12 Military Engine |publisher=Caterpillar |date=1 January 2018 |access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Caterpillar Defense Vehicle Engines and Future Plans (IAV 2019)">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/VMvQxl1dEq0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200820161508/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMvQxl1dEq0&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMvQxl1dEq0 |title=Caterpillar Defense Vehicle Engines and Future Plans (IAV 2019) |publisher=Jane's by IHS Markit |date=6 February 2019 |access-date=21 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Since this information was released (February 2019) no further information in the public domain has been released regarding fitting Common Rail Fuel Injection and HUMS. The engines and transmission units have themselves also been remanufactured in recent years, with parts and equipment also purchased to convert CV12-6A engines to CV12-8A build standard.<ref name="United Kingdom-Bristol: Repair and maintenance services of military vehicles, 2014/S 172-305466">{{cite web |url=https://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:305466-2014:TEXT:EN:HTML&src=0 |title=United Kingdom-Bristol: Repair and maintenance services of military vehicles, 2014/S 172-305466 |publisher=Tenders Electronic Daily, OJEU |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="United Kingdom-Telford: Repair and maintenance services of vehicle transmissions, 2018/S 138-316646">{{cite web |url=https://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:316646-2018:TEXT:EN:HTML&src=0 |title=United Kingdom-Telford: Repair and maintenance services of vehicle transmissions, 2018/S 138-316646 |publisher=Tenders Electronic Daily, OJEU |date=20 July 2018 |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="United Kingdom-Telford: Repair, maintenance and associated services of vehicles and related equipment, 2020/S 034-081842">{{cite web |url=https://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:81842-2020:TEXT:EN:HTML&src=0 |title=United Kingdom-Telford: Repair, maintenance and associated services of vehicles and related equipment, 2020/S 034-081842 |publisher=Tenders Electronic Daily, OJEU |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> Publications in support of tender procurement for HAAIP indicate that a new CV12-9A engine build standard will be used for the Challenger 2s upgraded to become Challenger 3s, and for CRARRV.<ref name="The Procurement Of HAAIP Main Engine Cooling Fans – Annex F">{{Cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.contractsfinder.service.gov.uk/Notice/Attachment/13bc2498-35ba-41bb-be4b-89b4780972e1 |title=Annex F – Government Furnished Information |website=UK MOD |date=13 August 2021 |access-date=18 April 2022}}/</ref>

Work to update the base Challenger 2 hull and automotive components, undertaken by DE&S, RBSL and Babcock, commenced in July 2021 in advance of these being converted to Challenger 3s. Equipment replaced during HAAIP will be checked for serviceability, repaired if required, and returned for re-use in the existing Challenger 2 fleet. The hulls will also undergo ultrasonic testing, weld repairs and repainting.<ref name="Work begins to prepare Challenger 2 vehicles for upgrade programme">{{cite web |url=https://des.mod.uk/challenger-2-vehicles-upgrade-programme |title=Work begins to prepare Challenger 2 vehicles for upgrade programme |publisher=UK Ministry of Defence |date=28 July 2021 |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>

The overall scope of HAAIP includes:
* Upgraded CV12-9A engines for Challenger 3 and CRARRV<ref name="The Procurement Of HAAIP Main Engine Cooling Fans – Annex F"/><ref name="des.mod.uk">{{Cite web |url=https://des.mod.uk/des-secures-contract-for-armys-challenger-3-tank/ |title=DE&S secures contract for Army's Challenger 3 tank |date=7 May 2021 |website=UK MOD, Defence Equipment & Support |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref>
* Third Generation Hydrogas Suspension<ref name="Gen 3 HydroGas Project">{{cite web |url=https://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:15192-2020:TEXT:EN:HTML&src=0 |title=Gen 3 HydroGas Project |publisher=Tenders Electronic Daily - Supplement to the Official Journal of the EU |date=12 January 2020 |access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="ted.europa.eu">{{cite web |url=https://ted.europa.eu/udl?uri=TED:NOTICE:333775-2020:TEXT:EN:HTML&src=0 |title=Repair and Conversion Hydrogas Gen 3 Suspension Parts |publisher=Tenders Electronic Daily - Supplement to the Official Journal of the EU |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="The Procurement Of HAAIP Main Engine Cooling Fans – Annex A">{{Cite web |url=https://contracts.mod.uk |title=Project: 701547382 - Procurement of HAAIP Main Engine Cooling Fans – Annex A, Contract Notice Supporting Information Document |date=26 April 2021 |website=UK MOD, Defence Sourcing Portal |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref>
* New Hydraulic Track Tensioners (HTT) with inline accumulators<ref name="The Procurement Of HAAIP Main Engine Cooling Fans – Annex A"/>
* Improved Electric Cold Start System (Intake Manifold Heater)<ref name="The Procurement Of HAAIP Main Engine Cooling Fans – Annex A"/>
* Unspecified new components fitted to improve the transmissions<ref name="Work begins to prepare Challenger 2 vehicles for upgrade programme"/>
* New Main Engine Air Intake Filters<ref name="auto"/>
* Improved Main Engine/Transmission Cooling; fitting new high efficiency radiators (596 sets) and fans (294 triple fan sets with mountings and drive systems). These new more modern assemblies will increase cooling capacity and reduce engine fuel cutback mode (where engine power is reduced if cooling capacity for the main engine and transmission is exceeded) through improved air flow efficiency.<ref name="The Procurement Of HAAIP Main Engine Cooling Fans – Annex A"/><ref name="des.mod.uk"/><ref name="The Procurement of HAAIP Main Engine Cooling Fans">{{cite web |url=https://www.find-tender.service.gov.uk/Notice/008952-2021?origin=SearchResults&p=1 |title=The Procurement of HAAIP Main Engine Cooling Fans |publisher=UK Government |date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="The Procurement of HAAIP Main Engine Cooling Fans (Corrigendum)">{{cite web |url=https://www.find-tender.service.gov.uk/Notice/019842-2021?origin=SearchResults&p=1 |title=The Procurement of HAAIP Main Engine Cooling Fans |publisher=UK Government |date=13 August 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="The procurement of HAAIP Main Engine Radiators">{{cite web |url=https://www.find-tender.service.gov.uk/Notice/012873-2021?origin=SearchResults&p=1 |title=The procurement of HAAIP Main Engine Radiators |publisher=UK Government |date=8 June 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> The contract for the new cooling fans has been awarded to AMETEK Airtechnology Group (the suppliers of the current design) and the contract for the new radiators awarded to Caterpillar.<ref name="AMETEK Airtechnology Group Awarded Engine Cooling Fans Contract for Challenger 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.ametek-airtechnology.com/newsevents/news/engine-cooling-fans-contract-for-challenger-2 |title=AMETEK Airtechnology Group Awarded Engine Cooling Fans Contract for Challenger 2 |date=24 January 2022 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Awarded contract, HAAIP Main Engine Radiators">{{cite web |url=https://www.find-tender.service.gov.uk/Notice/012772-2022 |title=Awarded contract, HAAIP Main Engine Radiators |date=17 May 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>

As of January 2022 six Challenger 2s were reported to have received the automotive upgrades prior to conversion to Challenger 3s.<ref name="IAV 2022: Challenger 3 upgrade underway">{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/iav-2022-challenger-3-upgrade-under-way |author1=Nicholas Fiorenza |title=IAV 2022: Challenger 3 upgrade under way |publisher=Janes |date=28 January 2022 |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>