Editing Carbon cycle (section)

==== Fossil carbon extraction and burning ====
{{See also|Coal mining|Extraction of petroleum}}
[[File:Anthropogenic carbon flows 1850-2018.png|thumb|upright=1.2|right| Detail of anthropogenic carbon flows, showing cumulative mass in gigatons during years 1850–2018 (left) and the annual mass average during 2009–2018 (right).<ref name="gcb19">{{cite journal |last1=Friedlingstein |first1=Pierre |last2=Jones |first2=Matthew W. |last3=O'Sullivan |first3=Michael |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Hauck |first5=Judith |last6=Peters |first6=Glen P. |last7=Peters |first7=Wouter |last8=Pongratz |first8=Julia |last9=Sitch |first9=Stephen |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |last11=Bakker |first11=Dorothee C. E. |last12=Canadell |first12=Josep G. |last13=Ciais |first13=Philippe |last14=Jackson |first14=Robert B. |last15=Anthoni |first15=Peter |last16=Barbero |first16=Leticia |last17=Bastos |first17=Ana |last18=Bastrikov |first18=Vladislav |last19=Becker |first19=Meike |last20=Bopp |first20=Laurent |last21=Buitenhuis |first21=Erik |last22=Chandra |first22=Naveen |last23=Chevallier |first23=Frédéric |last24=Chini |first24=Louise P. |last25=Currie |first25=Kim I. |last26=Feely |first26=Richard A. |last27=Gehlen |first27=Marion |last28=Gilfillan |first28=Dennis |last29=Gkritzalis |first29=Thanos |last30=Goll |first30=Daniel S. |last31=Gruber |first31=Nicolas |last32=Gutekunst |first32=Sören |last33=Harris |first33=Ian |last34=Haverd |first34=Vanessa |last35=Houghton |first35=Richard A. |last36=Hurtt |first36=George |last37=Ilyina |first37=Tatiana |last38=Jain |first38=Atul K. |last39=Joetzjer |first39=Emilie |last40=Kaplan |first40=Jed O. |last41=Kato |first41=Etsushi |last42=Klein Goldewijk |first42=Kees |last43=Korsbakken |first43=Jan Ivar |last44=Landschützer |first44=Peter |last45=Lauvset |first45=Siv K. |last46=Lefèvre |first46=Nathalie |last47=Lenton |first47=Andrew |last48=Lienert |first48=Sebastian |last49=Lombardozzi |first49=Danica |last50=Marland |first50=Gregg |last51=McGuire |first51=Patrick C. |last52=Melton |first52=Joe R. |last53=Metzl |first53=Nicolas |last54=Munro |first54=David R. |last55=Nabel |first55=Julia E. M. S. |last56=Nakaoka |first56=Shin-Ichiro |last57=Neill |first57=Craig |last58=Omar |first58=Abdirahman M. |last59=Ono |first59=Tsuneo |last60=Peregon |first60=Anna |last61=Pierrot |first61=Denis |last62=Poulter |first62=Benjamin |last63=Rehder |first63=Gregor |last64=Resplandy |first64=Laure |last65=Robertson |first65=Eddy |last66=Rödenbeck |first66=Christian |last67=Séférian |first67=Roland |last68=Schwinger |first68=Jörg |last69=Smith |first69=Naomi |last70=Tans |first70=Pieter P. |last71=Tian |first71=Hanqin |last72=Tilbrook |first72=Bronte |last73=Tubiello |first73=Francesco N. |last74=van der Werf |first74=Guido R. |last75=Wiltshire |first75=Andrew J. |last76=Zaehle |first76=Sönke |title=Global Carbon Budget 2019 |journal=Earth System Science Data |date=4 December 2019 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=1783–1838 |doi=10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019ESSD...11.1783F |hdl=20.500.11850/385668 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>]]
The largest and one of the fastest growing human impacts on the carbon cycle and biosphere is the extraction and burning of [[fossil fuels]], which directly transfer carbon from the geosphere into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is also produced and released during the [[calcination]] of [[limestone]] for [[clinker (cement)|clinker]] production.<ref>IPCC (2007) [https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch7s7-4-5.html 7.4.5 Minerals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525042327/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch7s7-4-5.html|date=25 May 2016}} in ''Climate Change 2007'': Working Group III: Mitigation of Climate Change,</ref> Clinker is an industrial [[precursor (chemistry)|precursor]] of [[cement]].

{{As of|2020|}}, about 450 gigatons of fossil carbon have been extracted in total; an amount approaching the carbon contained in all of Earth's living terrestrial biomass.<ref name="gcb19" />  Recent rates of global emissions directly into the atmosphere have exceeded the uptake by vegetation and the oceans.<ref name="NASA-20151112-ab">{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |last2=Ramsayer |first2=Kate |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Carol |date=12 November 2015 |title=A Breathing Planet, Off Balance |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4769 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114055636/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4769 |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=[[NASA]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20151112b">{{cite web |date=12 November 2015 |title=Audio (66:01) - NASA News Conference - Carbon & Climate Telecon |url=http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/77531778 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033437/http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/77531778 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 |website=[[NASA]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20151110">{{cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |date=10 November 2015 |title=Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Levels Hit Record, Report Says |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/11/science/atmospheric-greenhouse-gas-levels-hit-record-report-says.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111074131/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/11/science/atmospheric-greenhouse-gas-levels-hit-record-report-says.html |archive-date=11 November 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="AP-20151109">{{cite news |last=Ritter |first=Karl |date=9 November 2015 |title=UK: In 1st, global temps average could be 1 degree C higher |work=[[AP News]] |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151109/climate_countdown-greenhouse_gases-d8a21f0397.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021206/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151109/climate_countdown-greenhouse_gases-d8a21f0397.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> These [[carbon sink|sink]]s have been expected and observed to remove about half of the added atmospheric carbon within about a century.<ref name="gcb19" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report |page=8SM-16 |chapter=Figure 8.SM.4 |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/07/WGI_AR5.Chap_.8_SM.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313233759/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/07/WGI_AR5.Chap_.8_SM.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, sinks like the ocean have evolving [[solubility pump|saturation properties]], and a substantial fraction (20–35%, based on [[Coupled Model Intercomparison Project|coupled models]]) of the added carbon is projected to remain in the atmosphere for centuries to millennia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Archer |first=David |year=2009 |title=Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=117–34 |bibcode=2009AREPS..37..117A |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100206 |hdl=2268/12933 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Joos |first1=F. |last2=Roth |first2=R. |last3=Fuglestvedt |first3=J.D. |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the computation of greenhouse gas metrics: A multi-model analysis |url=https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/2793/2013/ |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=2793–2825 |doi=10.5194/acpd-12-19799-2012 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/58316 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>