Editing Cadmium (section)

==Biological role==
Cadmium has no known function in higher organisms and is considered toxic.<ref>Hogan, C. Michael (2010). [http://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Heavy_metal ''Heavy metal''. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment.] E. Monosson and C. Cleveland (eds.). Washington DC.</ref> Cadmium is considered an environmental pollutant hazardous to living organisms.<ref name="xu">{{cite journal|display-authors=3 |vauthors=Xu L, Zhang F, Tang M, Wang Y, Dong J, Ying J, Chen Y, Hu B, Li C, Liu L |title=Melatonin confers cadmium tolerance by modulating critical heavy metal chelators and transporters in radish plants |journal=Journal of Pineal Research |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=e12659 |date=August 2020 |pmid=32323337 |doi=10.1111/jpi.12659|url=https://api.research-repository.uwa.edu.au/ws/files/169558801/AAM_XuL_Melatonin_confers_cadmium_tolerance_by_modulating.pdf }}</ref> 
A cadmium-dependent [[carbonic anhydrase]] has been found in some marine [[diatom]]s,<ref name="Diatom">{{cite journal
|title = A cadmium enzyme from a marine diatom
|display-authors=3
|first1 = Todd W.
|last1 = Lane
|journal = Nature
|volume = 435
|issue = 42
|pages = 42
|date = 2005
|pmid = 15875011
|url = http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/msaito/2005/5/LaneSaitoMorel_CdCA_Nature2005_2944.pdf
|doi = 10.1038/435042a
|last2 = Saito
|first2 = Mak A.
|last3 = George
|first3 = Graham N.
|last4 = Pickering
|first4 = Ingrid J.
|last5 = Prince
|first5 = Roger C.
|last6 = Morel
|first6 = François M. M.|bibcode = 2005Natur.435...42L |s2cid = 52819760
|doi-access = free
}}</ref> which live in environments with low zinc concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal
|title = A biological function for cadmium in marine diatoms
|first1 = Todd W.
|last1 = Lane
|journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
|volume = 97
|issue = 9
|pages = 4627–4631
|date = 2000
|doi = 10.1073/pnas.090091397
|pmid = 10781068
|last2 = Morel
|first2 = F. M.
|pmc = 18283|bibcode = 2000PNAS...97.4627L |doi-access = free
}}</ref>

Exposure to cadmium leads to raised levels in the blood cells for a number of months.
In vertebrates cadmium is preferentially absorbed in the kidneys but also in the liver and bones. Up to about 30&nbsp;mg of cadmium is commonly inhaled throughout human childhood and adolescence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Perry|first1 = HM Jr.| last2= Thind|first2 =G. S.| last3= Perry|first3 =E. F.|date = 1976| pmid = 775217 |title =The biology of cadmium|volume = 60|issue = 4|pages = 759–69|journal = The Medical Clinics of North America|doi = 10.1016/S0025-7125(16)31859-4}}</ref>
Cadmium is eliminated from the body in very small amounts and mainly through urine resulting in a biological half-life of 20 to 40 years.<ref>Esther Christenhuis: ''Chapter 6.3 - Cadmium'' ([https://globemonitor.org/archive/version_2/en/GP/briefing/Resources/description_on_cadmium.pdf pdf-document]), page 4, [[WHO]] Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2000</ref>

Cadmium is under research for its potential [[toxicity]] to increase the risk of [[cancer]], [[cardiovascular disease]], and [[osteoporosis]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=2014|last1=Luevano|first1=J|title=A Review of Molecular Events of Cadmium-Induced Carcinogenesis|journal=Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology|volume=33|issue=3|pages=183–194|last2=Damodaran|first2=C|pmid=25272057|doi=10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2014011075|pmc=4183964}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=23991990|year=2013|last1=Rahim|first1=F|title=Breast cancer frequency and exposure to cadmium: A meta-analysis and systematic review|journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention|volume=14|issue=7|pages=4283–7|last2=Jalali|first2=A|last3=Tangestani|first3=R|url=http://journal.waocp.org/article_27945_d5fc7ccf25acb7c8169ba197aa4355ba.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://journal.waocp.org/article_27945_d5fc7ccf25acb7c8169ba197aa4355ba.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live|doi=10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.7.4283|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmc=3858820|year=2013|last1=Tellez-Plaza|first1=M|title=Cadmium Exposure and Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review|journal=Current Atherosclerosis Reports|volume=15|issue=10|pages=10.1007/s11883–013–0356–2|last2=Jones|first2=M. R.|last3=Dominguez-Lucas|first3=A|last4=Guallar|first4=E|last5=Navas-Acien|first5=A|doi=10.1007/s11883-013-0356-2|pmid=23955722}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=23877535|year=2013|last1=James|first1=K. A.|title=Environmental cadmium exposure and osteoporosis: A review|journal=International Journal of Public Health|volume=58|issue=5|pages=737–45|last2=Meliker|first2=J. R.|doi=10.1007/s00038-013-0488-8|s2cid=11265947}}</ref>

=== Environmental impact ===
The [[biogeochemistry]] of cadmium and its release to the environment is under research.<ref>
{{cite book
|last1=Cullen
|first1=Jay T.
|last2=Maldonado
|first2=Maria T.
|title=Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality
|chapter=Biogeochemistry of Cadmium and Its Release to the Environment
|editor=Astrid Sigel
|editor2=Helmut Sigel
|editor3=Roland K. O. Sigel
|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences
|volume=11
|date=2013
|publisher=Springer
|pages=31–62
|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_2|pmid=23430769
|isbn=978-94-007-5178-1
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last1=Crea
|first1=Francesco
|last2=Foti
|first2=Claudia
|last3=Milea
|first3=Demetrio
|last4=Sammartano
|first4=Silvio
|title=Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality
|chapter=Speciation of Cadmium in the Environment
|editor=Astrid Sigel
|editor2=Helmut Sigel
|editor3=Roland K. O. Sigel
|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences
|volume=11
|date=2013
|publisher=Springer
|pages=63–83
|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_3|pmid=23430770
|isbn=978-94-007-5178-1
}}
</ref>