Editing CT scan (section)

== Other uses ==
=== Industrial use ===
[[Industrial CT scanning]] (industrial computed tomography) is a process which uses X-ray equipment to produce 3D representations of components both externally and internally. Industrial CT scanning has been used in many areas of industry for internal inspection of components. Some of the key uses for CT scanning have been flaw detection, failure analysis, metrology, assembly analysis, image-based finite element methods<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Ll. M. |last2=Margetts |first2=L. |last3=Casalegno |first3=V. |last4=Lever |first4=L. M. |last5=Bushell |first5=J. |last6=Lowe |first6=T. |last7=Wallwork |first7=A. |last8=Young |first8=P. |last9=Lindemann |first9=A. |date=2015-05-28 |title=Transient thermal finite element analysis of CFC–Cu ITER monoblock using X-ray tomography data |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277338941 |url-status=live |journal=[[Fusion Engineering and Design]] |volume=100 |pages=100–111 |doi=10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.04.048 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016091649/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/277338941_Transient_thermal_finite_element_analysis_of_CFCCu_ITER_monoblock_using_X-ray_tomography_data |archive-date=2015-10-16 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2015FusED.100..100E |hdl=10871/17772 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and reverse engineering applications. CT scanning is also employed in the imaging and conservation of museum artifacts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Payne, Emma Marie |year=2012 |title=Imaging Techniques in Conservation |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1443164/1/56-566-2-PB.pdf |journal=Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.5334/jcms.1021201 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Aviation security===
CT scanning has also found an application in transport security (predominantly [[airport security]]) where it is currently used in a materials analysis context for explosives detection [[CTX (explosive-detection device)]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=P. Babaheidarian |title=Anomaly Detection and Imaging with X-Rays (ADIX) III |last2=D. Castanon |editor-first1=Joel A. |editor-first2=Michael E. |editor-first3=Mark A. |editor-first4=Amit |editor-last1=Greenberg |editor-last2=Gehm |editor-last3=Neifeld |editor-last4=Ashok |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-5106-1775-9 |pages=12 |chapter=Joint reconstruction and material classification in spectral CT |doi=10.1117/12.2309663 |s2cid=65469251}}</ref><ref name="jin12securityct">{{Cite book |last1=P. Jin |title=Second International Conference on Image Formation in X-Ray Computed Tomography |last2=E. Haneda |last3=K. D. Sauer |last4=C. A. Bouman |date=June 2012 |chapter=A model-based 3D multi-slice helical CT reconstruction algorithm for transportation security application |access-date=2015-04-05 |chapter-url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/~bouman/publications/orig-pdf/CT-2012a.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411000659/https://engineering.purdue.edu/~bouman/publications/orig-pdf/CT-2012a.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="jin12securityctprior">{{Cite book |last1=P. Jin |title=Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), 2012 Conference Record of the Forty Sixth Asilomar Conference on |last2=E. Haneda |last3=C. A. Bouman |date=November 2012 |publisher=IEEE |pages=613–636 |chapter=Implicit Gibbs prior models for tomographic reconstruction |access-date=2015-04-05 |chapter-url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/~bouman/publications/pdf/Asilomar-2012-Pengchong.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411025559/https://engineering.purdue.edu/~bouman/publications/pdf/Asilomar-2012-Pengchong.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="kisner13securityct">{{Cite book |last1=S. J. Kisner |title=Security Technology (ICCST), 2013 47th International Carnahan Conference on |last2=P. Jin |last3=C. A. Bouman |last4=K. D. Sauer |last5=W. Garms |last6=T. Gable |last7=S. Oh |last8=M. Merzbacher |last9=S. Skatter |date=October 2013 |publisher=IEEE |chapter=Innovative data weighting for iterative reconstruction in a helical CT security baggage scanner |access-date=2015-04-05 |chapter-url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/~bouman/publications/pdf/iccst2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410234541/https://engineering.purdue.edu/~bouman/publications/pdf/iccst2013.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and is also under consideration for automated baggage/parcel security scanning using [[computer vision]] based object recognition algorithms that target the detection of specific threat items based on 3D appearance (e.g. guns, knives, liquid containers).<ref name="megherbi10baggage">{{Cite book |last1=Megherbi, N. |title=Proc. International Conference on Image Processing |last2=Flitton, G.T. |last3=Breckon, T.P. |date=September 2010 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4244-7992-4 |pages=1833–1836 |chapter=A Classifier based Approach for the Detection of Potential Threats in CT based Baggage Screening |citeseerx=10.1.1.188.5206 |doi=10.1109/ICIP.2010.5653676 |access-date=5 November 2013 |chapter-url=http://www.durham.ac.uk/toby.breckon/publications/papers/megherbi10baggage.pdf |s2cid=3679917 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="megherbi12baggage">{{Cite book |last1=Megherbi, N. |title=Proc. International Conference on Image Processing |last2=Han, J. |last3=Flitton, G.T. |last4=Breckon, T.P. |date=September 2012 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4673-2533-2 |pages=3109–3112 |chapter=A Comparison of Classification Approaches for Threat Detection in CT based Baggage Screening |citeseerx=10.1.1.391.2695 |doi=10.1109/ICIP.2012.6467558 |access-date=5 November 2013 |chapter-url=http://www.durham.ac.uk/toby.breckon/publications/papers/megherbi12baggage.pdf |s2cid=6924816 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="flitton13interestpoint">{{Cite journal |last1=Flitton, G.T. |last2=Breckon, T.P. |last3=Megherbi, N. |date=September 2013 |title=A Comparison of 3D Interest Point Descriptors with Application to Airport Baggage Object Detection in Complex CT Imagery |url=http://www.durham.ac.uk/toby.breckon/publications/papers/flitton13interestpoint.pdf |journal=Pattern Recognition |volume=46 |pages=2420–2436 |bibcode=2013PatRe..46.2420F |doi=10.1016/j.patcog.2013.02.008 |access-date=5 November 2013 |number=9 |hdl=1826/15213 |s2cid=3687379 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Its usage in airport security pioneered at [[Shannon Airport]] in March 2022 has ended the ban on liquids over 100&nbsp;ml there, a move that [[Heathrow Airport]] plans for a full roll-out on 1 December 2022 and the TSA spent $781.2 million on an order for over 1,000 scanners, ready to go live in the summer.

=== Geological use ===
X-ray CT is used in geological studies to quickly reveal materials inside a drill core.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laboratory {{!}} About Chikyu {{!}} The Deep-sea Scientific Drilling Vessel CHIKYU |url=http://www.jamstec.go.jp/chikyu/e/about/laboratory.html |access-date=2019-10-24 |website=www.jamstec.go.jp}}</ref> Dense minerals such as pyrite and barite appear brighter and less dense components such as clay appear dull in CT images.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tonai |first1=Satoshi |last2=Kubo |first2=Yusuke |last3=Tsang |first3=Man-Yin |last4=Bowden |first4=Stephen |last5=Ide |first5=Kotaro |last6=Hirose |first6=Takehiro |last7=Kamiya |first7=Nana |last8=Yamamoto |first8=Yuzuru |last9=Yang |first9=Kiho |last10=Yamada |first10=Yasuhiro |last11=Morono |first11=Yuki |date=2019 |title=A New Method for Quality Control of Geological Cores by X-Ray Computed Tomography: Application in IODP Expedition 370 |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=7 |page=117 |doi=10.3389/feart.2019.00117 |issn=2296-6463 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019FrEaS...7..117T |s2cid=171394807|hdl=2164/12811 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Paleontological use ===
Traditional methods of studying fossils are often destructive, such as the use of thin sections and physical preparation. X-ray CT is used in paleontology to non-destructively visualize fossils in 3D.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=John A. |last2=Rahman |first2=Imran A. |last3=Lautenschlager |first3=Stephan |last4=Rayfield |first4=Emily J. |last5=Donoghue |first5=Philip C.J. |date=2014 |title=A virtual world of paleontology |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534714000871 |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=347–357 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2014.04.004 |pmid=24821516 |bibcode=2014TEcoE..29..347C |issn=0169-5347|hdl=20.500.11850/96966 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This has many advantages. For example, we can look at fragile structures that might never otherwise be able to be studied. In addition, one can freely move around models of fossils in virtual 3D space to inspect it without damaging the fossil. 

=== Cultural heritage use ===
X-ray CT and [[X-ray microtomography|micro-CT]] can also be used for the conservation and preservation of objects of cultural heritage. For many fragile objects, direct research and observation can be damaging and can degrade the object over time. Using CT scans, conservators and researchers are able to determine the material composition of the objects they are exploring, such as the position of ink along the layers of a scroll, without any additional harm. These scans have been optimal for research focused on the workings of the [[Antikythera mechanism]] or the text hidden inside the charred outer layers of the [[En-Gedi Scroll]]. However, they are not optimal for every object subject to these kinds of research questions, as there are certain artifacts like the [[Herculaneum papyri]] in which the material composition has very little variation along the inside of the object. After scanning these objects, computational methods can be employed to examine the insides of these objects, as was the case with the virtual unwrapping of the [[En-Gedi Scroll#Recovery|En-Gedi scroll]] and the [[Herculaneum papyri#Virtual unrolling|Herculaneum papyri]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seales |first1=W. B. |last2=Parker |first2=C. S. |last3=Segal |first3=M. |last4=Tov |first4=E. |last5=Shor |first5=P. |last6=Porath |first6=Y. |year=2016 |title=From damage to discovery via virtual unwrapping: Reading the scroll from En-Gedi |journal=Science Advances |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=e1601247 |bibcode=2016SciA....2E1247S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601247 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5031465 |pmid=27679821}}</ref> Micro-CT has also proved useful for analyzing more recent artifacts such as still-sealed historic correspondence that employed the technique of [[letterlocking]] (complex folding and cuts) that provided a "tamper-evident locking mechanism".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castellanos |first=Sara |date=2 March 2021 |title=A Letter Sealed for Centuries Has Been Read—Without Even Opening It |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-letter-sealed-for-centuries-has-been-readwithout-even-opening-it-11614679203 |access-date=2 March 2021 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dambrogio |first1=Jana |last2=Ghassaei |first2=Amanda |last3=Staraza Smith |first3=Daniel |last4=Jackson |first4=Holly |last5=Demaine |first5=Martin L. |date=2 March 2021 |title=Unlocking history through automated virtual unfolding of sealed documents imaged by X-ray microtomography |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=1184 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1184D |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-21326-w |pmc=7925573 |pmid=33654094}}</ref> Further examples of use cases in archaeology is imaging the contents of sarcophagi or ceramics.<ref name="archaeological_application" />

Recently, CWI in Amsterdam has collaborated with Rijksmuseum to investigate art object inside details in the framework called IntACT.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CT FOR ART |url=https://www.nicas-research.nl/projects/impact4art/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=NICAS |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Microorganism research ===
Varied types of fungus can degrade wood to different degrees, one Belgium research group has been used X-ray CT 3 dimension with sub-micron resolution unveiled fungi can penetrate micropores of 0.6 μm<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bulcke |first1=Jan Van den |last2=Boone |first2=Matthieu |last3=Acker |first3=Joris Van |last4=Hoorebeke |first4=Luc Van |date=October 2009 |title=Three-Dimensional X-Ray Imaging and Analysis of Fungi on and in Wood |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/microscopy-and-microanalysis/article/abs/threedimensional-xray-imaging-and-analysis-of-fungi-on-and-in-wood/1461E6965BD5061B6549308E5EEE1ADE |journal=Microscopy and Microanalysis |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=395–402 |doi=10.1017/S1431927609990419 |pmid=19709462 |bibcode=2009MiMic..15..395V |hdl=1854/LU-675607 |s2cid=15637414 |issn=1435-8115}}</ref> under certain conditions.

=== Timber sawmill ===
Sawmills use industrial CT scanners to detect round defects, for instance knots, to improve total value of timber productions. Most sawmills are planning to incorporate this robust detection tool to improve productivity in the long run, however initial investment cost is high.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Donald |date=1990 |title=The economic potential of CT scanners for hardwood sawmills |url=https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/8044 |journal=Forest Products Journal |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=65–69 |via=USDA}}</ref>