Editing Brown (section)

== Brown in culture ==
<!--This is for the color brown only. Please do not put anything about the word Brown involving the surname.-->
Surveys in Europe and the United States showed that brown was the least popular color among respondents. It was the favorite color of only one percent of respondents and the least favorite color of twenty percent of people.<ref>Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur; effets et symboliques''. p. 4</ref>

=== Brown uniforms ===
Brown has been a popular color for military uniforms since the late 18th century, largely because of its wide availability and low visibility. When the [[Continental Army]] was established in 1775 at the outbreak of the [[American Revolution]], the first [[Continental Congress]] declared that the official uniform color would be brown, but this was not popular with many militias, whose officers were already wearing blue. In 1778 the Congress asked [[George Washington]] to design a new uniform, and in 1779 Washington made the official color of all uniforms blue and [[buff (colour)|buff]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/symbols/uniforms/history.html |title=Army Dress Uniform |access-date=2013-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119095538/http://www.army.mil/symbols/uniforms/history.html |archive-date=2014-11-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1846 the Indian soldiers of the [[Corps of Guides (India)|Corps of Guides]] in British India began to wear a yellowish shade of tan, which became known as [[khaki]] from the [[Urdu]] word for dust-colored, taken from an earlier Persian word for soil. The color made an excellent natural [[camouflage]], and was adopted by the [[British Army]] for their Abyssian Campaign in 1867–1868, and later in the [[Boer War]]. It was adopted by the United States Army during the [[Spanish–American War]] (1896), and afterwards by the [[United States Navy]] and [[United States Marine Corps]].

In the 1920s, brown became the uniform color of the Nazi Party in Germany. The [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] paramilitary organization the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) wore brown uniforms and were known as the brownshirts. The color brown was used to represent the Nazi vote on maps of electoral districts in Germany. If someone voted for the Nazis, they were said to be "voting brown". The national headquarters of the Nazi party, in [[Munich]], was called the ''[[Brown House, Munich, Germany|Brown House]]''. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 was called the ''[[Machtergreifung|Brown Revolution]]''.<ref>Toland, John ''Hitler: The Pictorial Documentary of his Life'' Garden City, New York:1978 Doubleday & Sons Chapter 5 "The Brown Revolution" Pages 42–60</ref> At [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Obersalzberg]] home, the [[Berghof (Hitler)|Berghof]], he slept in a "bed which was usually covered by a brown quilt embroidered with a huge [[swastika]].

The swastika also appeared on Hitler's brown satin pajamas, embroidered in black against a red background on the pocket. He had a matching brown silk robe."<ref>Infield, Glenn B. ''Eva and Adolf'' New York:1974--Grosset and Dunlap Page 142 (The author compiled this book by interviewing [[Albert Speer]] and others who had been in Hitler's inner circle, such as [[SS]] men, secretaries, and housekeepers. The author also consulted the Musmanno Archives, a record of post-war interviews with over 200 people who had been close to Adolf Hitler or Eva Braun.)</ref> Brown had originally been chosen as a Party color largely for convenience; large numbers of war-surplus brown uniforms from Germany's former colonial forces in Africa were cheaply available in the 1920s. It also suited the working-class and military images that the Party wished to convey.

From the 1930s onwards, the Party's brown uniforms were mass-produced by German clothing firms such as [[Hugo Boss]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/15/business/hugo-boss-acknowledges-link-to-nazi-regime.html?src=pm|title=Hugo Boss Acknowledges Link to Nazi Regime |date=August 14, 1997|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=September 29, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=White|first=Constance C. R|title=Patterns: The Fallout on Hugo Boss|date=August 19, 1997|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/19/style/patterns-680540.html?src=pm|access-date=January 1, 2011}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:33rd Punjabi Army (Commander Punjabi Subadar) by A C Lovett.jpg|The khaki uniforms of Indian soldiers in British India
File:MacArthur Manila.jpg|General [[Douglas MacArthur]] in Khaki on August 2, 1945
File:US Navy 080916-N-9769P-144 Newly pinned chiefs stand at attention during Naval Station Guantanamo Bay's Chief Pinning Ceremony.jpg|Chief petty officers of the U.S. Navy in their khaki service uniforms
</gallery>

=== Business ===
'' {{visible anchor|Pullman Brown}}''<ref>''"They started out being Pullman brown," said Peter Fredo, U.P.S.'s vice president for advertising and public relations [...] The trucks have been brown since 1916 [...] "it was the epitome of luxury and class at the time."'', in {{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E4D8153DF933A1575BC0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|newspaper=New York Times|date=1998-04-20|title=Learning to Love Brown|access-date=2008-04-02 | first=Karrie | last=Jacobs}}</ref> is the color of the [[United Parcel Service]] (UPS) delivery company with their trademark brown trucks and uniforms; it was earlier the color of [[Pullman (car or coach)|Pullman rail cars]] of the [[Pullman Company]], and was adopted by UPS both because brown is easy to keep clean, and due to favorable associations of luxury that Pullman brown evoked. UPS has filed two [[trademark]]s on the color brown to prevent other shipping companies (and possibly other companies in general) from using the color if it creates "market confusion". In its advertising, UPS refers to itself as "Brown" ("What can Brown do for you?"). Labrecque, et al. (2012) have hypothesized that brown would be related to competence when used in [[advertising]], as the color is typically associated with reliability and support. However, they did not find a link between brown and competence.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Labrecque | first1 = Lauren I. | last2 = Milne | first2 = George R. | year = 2012 | title = Exciting Red and Competent Blue: The Importance of Color in Marketing | journal = Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science | volume = 40 | issue = 5| pages = 714 | doi=10.1007/s11747-010-0245-y| s2cid = 167731928 |quote=(Murray and Deabler 1957; Schaie 1961; Wexner 1954). Likewise, brown is a color that is related to seriousness, (Clarke and Costall 2007), reliability, and support (Fraser and Banks 2004; Mahnke 1996; Wright 1988).}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Abraham_Lincoln_Pullman_Car.png|A [[Pullman (car or coach)|Pullman rail car]], in traditional brown
File:UPS truck -804051.jpg|A UPS truck in Pullman brown
</gallery>

=== Idioms and expressions ===
* "To be brown as a berry" (to be deeply suntanned)
* "To brown bag" a meal (to bring food from home to eat at work or school rather than patronizing an in-house cafeteria or a restaurant)
* "To experience a brown out" (a partial loss of electricity, less severe than a blackout)
* [[Brownfield land|Brownfields]] are abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facilities where [[urban renewal|redevelopment]] for [[infill housing]] is complicated by real or perceived environmental contaminations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hsrc.org/hsrc/html/tosc/sswtosc/glossary.pdf#search='origin%20of%20term%20brownfields'|format=PDF|publisher=HSRC|title=Glossary of Terms for Brownfields|access-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060325090724/http://www.hsrc.org/hsrc/html/tosc/sswtosc/glossary.pdf#search='origin%20of%20term%20brownfields' |archive-date = 2006-03-25}}</ref>
* '"Brown-nose" is a verb which means to be [[obsequious]]. It comes from the term for kissing the posterior of the boss in order to gain advancement.
* "In a [[:wikt:brown study|brown study]]" (melancholy)

=== Religion ===

* In [[Wicca]], brown represents endurance, solidity, grounding, and strength.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Magical Properties of Colors|url=https://wiccaliving.com/magical-properties-colors/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Wicca Living|language=en-US}}</ref> It is strongly associated with the element of earth.

=== Sports ===
* The [[Cleveland Browns]] of the [[National Football League]], take their team name from its founder and long-time coach, [[Paul Brown]], and use brown as a team color.
* The [[Hawthorn Football Club]] of the [[Australian Football League]] wears a brown and gold uniform.
* The [[San Diego Padres]] of [[Major League Baseball]] utilizes brown as their primary color.
* [[FC St. Pauli]], a German [[association football]] club, typically features brown shirts as its primary kit.
* [[Club Atlético Platense]] in Argentina, typically features brown shirts as its primary kit.
* The [[Wyoming Cowboys and Cowgirls|University of Wyoming]], [[Brown Bears|Brown University]], [[St. Bonaventure Bonnies|St. Bonaventure University]], and [[Lehigh Mountain Hawks|Lehigh University]] sports teams generally feature this color.