Editing Brick (section)

== Optimal dimensions, characteristics, and strength ==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2022}}

[[File:comparison_house_brick_size.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Comparison of typical brick sizes of assorted countries with isometric projections and dimensions in millimetres]]
[[File:Concrete wall.jpg|thumb|An old brick wall in [[English bond]] laid with alternating courses of ''headers'' and ''stretchers''.]]

For efficient handling and laying, bricks must be small enough and light enough to be picked up by the bricklayer using one hand (leaving the other hand free for the trowel). Bricks are usually laid flat, and as a result, the effective limit on the width of a brick is set by the distance which can conveniently be spanned between the thumb and fingers of one hand, normally about {{convert|100|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. In most cases, the length of a brick is twice its width plus the width of a mortar joint, about {{convert|200|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} or slightly more. This allows bricks to be laid ''[[Brickwork|bonded]]'' in a structure which increases stability and strength (for an example, see the illustration of bricks laid in ''English bond'', at the head of this article). The wall is built using alternating courses of ''stretchers'', bricks laid longways, and ''headers'', bricks laid crossways. The headers tie the wall together over its width. In fact, this wall is built in a variation of ''English bond'' called ''English cross bond'' where the successive layers of stretchers are displaced horizontally from each other by half a brick length. In true ''English bond'', the perpendicular lines of the stretcher courses are in line with each other.

A bigger brick makes for a thicker (and thus more insulating) wall. Historically, this meant that bigger bricks were necessary in colder climates (see for instance the slightly larger size of the Russian brick in table below), while a smaller brick was adequate, and more economical, in warmer regions. A notable illustration of this correlation is the [[Green Gate]] in Gdansk; built in 1571 of imported [[Dutch brick]], too small for the colder climate of Gdansk, it was notorious for being a chilly and drafty residence. Nowadays this is no longer an issue, as modern walls typically incorporate specialised insulation materials.

The correct brick for a job can be selected from a choice of colour, surface texture, density, weight, absorption, and pore structure, thermal characteristics, thermal and moisture movement, and fire resistance.

[[File:Faces of brick.jpg|thumb|Faces of a brick]] 
{| class="wikitable" style="clear:left; margin:auto;"
|+Face brick ("house brick") sizes, (alphabetical order)
!Standard !!Metric (mm) !!Imperial (inches)
!Ratio
|-
|{{AUS}} || {{convert|230|×|110|×|76|mm|in|disp=table}}
|3:1.4:1
|-
|{{CHN}} || {{convert|240|×|155|×|53|mm|in|disp=table}}
|4.5:2.9:1
|-
|{{DEN}} || {{convert|228|×|108|×|54|mm|in|disp=table}}
|4.3:2:1
|-
|{{GER}} || {{convert|240|×|115|×|71|mm|in|disp=table}}
|3.4:1.6:1
|-
|{{IND}} || {{convert|228|×|107|×|69|mm|in|disp=table}}
|3.3:1.6:1
|-
|{{JAP}} || {{convert|210|×|100|×|60|mm|in|disp=table}}
|3.5:1.6:1
|-
|{{ROM}} || {{convert|240|×|115|×|63|mm|in|disp=table}}
|3.8:1.8:1
|-
|{{RUS}} || {{convert|250|×|120|×|65|mm|in|disp=table}}
|3.8:1.8:1
|-
|{{RSA}} || {{convert|222|×|106|×|73|mm|in|disp=table}}
|3:1.4:1
|-
|{{SWE}} || {{convert|250|×|120|×|62|mm|in|disp=table}}
|4.1:2:1
|-
|{{UK}} ||  {{convert|215|×|102.5|×|65|mm|in|disp=table|sigfig=2}}
|3.3:1.5:1
|-
|{{USA}} || {{convert|194|×|92|×|57|mm|in|disp=table}}
|3.5:1.6:1
|}

In England, the length and width of the common brick remained fairly constant from 1625 when the size was regulated by statute at 9 x {{frac|4|1|2}} x 3 inches<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Brick |volume=4 |page=518 |first=Joseph & William |last=Burton}}</ref> (but see [[brick tax]]), but the depth has varied from about {{convert|2|in|mm|spell=in}} or smaller in earlier times to about {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm}} more recently. In the United Kingdom, the usual size of a modern brick (from 1965)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scottishbrickhistory.co.uk/brick-sizes-variations-and-standardisation/ |title=Brick sizes, variations and standardisation |access-date=2021-04-28}}</ref> is {{convert|215|×|102.5|×|65|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}}, which, with a nominal {{convert|10|mm|in|frac=8}} mortar joint, forms a ''[[unit size]]'' of {{convert|225|×|112.5|×|75|mm|in|frac=2}}, for a ratio of 6:3:2.

In the United States, modern standard bricks are specified for various uses;<ref>[http://www.gobrick.com/portals/25/docs/technical%20notes/tn9a.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229030920/http://www.gobrick.com/portals/25/docs/technical%20notes/tn9a.pdf|date=29 December 2016}}. Brick Industry Association. Technical Note 9A, Specifications for and Classification
of Brick. Retrieved 28 December 2016.</ref> The most commonly used is the modular brick has the ''actual dimensions'' of {{frac|7|5|8}}&nbsp; × {{frac|3|5|8}}&nbsp; × {{frac|2|1|4}}&nbsp;inches (194 × 92 × 57&nbsp;mm). With the standard {{frac|3|8}} inch mortar joint, this gives the ''nominal dimensions'' of 8 x 4 x {{frac|2|2|3}} inches which eases the calculation of the number of bricks in a given wall.<ref>[http://www.gobrick.com/Portals/25/docs/Technical%20Notes/TN10.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511021920/http://www.gobrick.com/Portals/25/docs/Technical%20Notes/TN10.pdf|date=11 May 2017}} bia.org. Technical Note 10, Dimensioning and Estimating Brick Masonry (pdf file) Retrieved 8 November 2016.</ref> The 2:1 ratio of modular bricks means that when they turn corners, a 1/2 running bond is formed without needing to cut the brick down or fill the gap with a cut brick; and the height of modular bricks means that a [[soldier course]] matches the height of three modular running courses, or one standard [[Concrete Masonry Unit|CMU]] course.

Some brickmakers create innovative sizes and shapes for bricks used for plastering (and therefore not visible on the inside of the building) where their inherent mechanical properties are more important than their visual ones.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206161820/http://www.crammix.co.za/maxilite.htm Crammix ''Maxilite'']. crammix.co.za</ref> These bricks are usually slightly larger, but not as large as blocks and offer the following advantages:
* A slightly larger brick requires less mortar and handling (fewer bricks), which reduces cost
* Their ribbed exterior aids plastering
* More complex interior cavities allow improved insulation, while maintaining strength.

Blocks have a much greater range of sizes. Standard co-ordinating sizes in length and height (in mm) include 400×200, 450×150, 450×200, 450×225, 450×300, 600×150, 600×200, and 600×225; depths (work size, mm) include 60, 75, 90, 100, 115, 140, 150, 190, 200, 225, and 250.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> They are usable across this range as they are lighter than clay bricks. The density of solid clay bricks is around 2000&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup>: this is reduced by frogging, hollow bricks, and so on, but aerated autoclaved concrete, even as a solid brick, can have densities in the range of 450–850&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup>.

Bricks may also be classified as ''solid'' (less than 25% perforations by volume, although the brick may be "frogged," having indentations on one of the longer faces), ''perforated'' (containing a pattern of small holes through the brick, removing no more than 25% of the volume), ''cellular'' (containing a pattern of holes removing more than 20% of the volume, but closed on one face), or ''hollow'' (containing a pattern of large holes removing more than 25% of the brick's volume). Blocks may be solid, cellular or hollow.

The term "frog" can refer to the indentation or the implement used to make it. Modern brickmakers usually use plastic frogs but in the past they were made of wood.

The compressive strength of bricks produced in the United States ranges from about {{convert|1000|to|15,000|lbf/in2|MPa|0|lk=on|abbr=on|order=flip}}, varying according to the use to which the brick are to be put. In England clay bricks can have strengths of up to 100 MPa, although a common house brick is likely to show a range of 20–40 MPa.