Editing Baroque (section)

==Music==
{{Main|Baroque music}}
[[File:Vivaldi.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Antonio Vivaldi]], (1678–1741)]]
The term ''Baroque'' is also used to designate the style of music composed during a period that overlaps with that of Baroque art. The first uses of the term 'baroque' for music were criticisms.  In an anonymous, satirical review of the première in October 1733 of [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]]'s ''[[Hippolyte et Aricie]],'' printed in the ''[[Mercure de France]]'' in May 1734, the critic implied that the novelty of this opera was "du barocque," complaining that the music lacked coherent melody, was filled with unremitting dissonances, constantly changed key and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device.{{sfn|Palisca|2001}} [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], who was a musician and noted composer as well as philosopher, made a very similar observation in 1768 in the famous ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' of [[Denis Diderot]]:  "Baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused, and loaded with modulations and dissonances. The singing is harsh and unnatural, the intonation difficult, and the movement limited. It appears that term comes from the word 'baroco' used by logicians."<ref name="Encyclopedie" />

Common use of the term for the music of the period began only in 1919, by [[Curt Sachs]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sachs |first1=Curt |author-link1=Curt Sachs |title=Barockmusik |trans-title=Baroque Music |series=Jahrbuch der Musikbibliothek Peters |volume=26 |date=1919 |publisher=Edition Peters |location=Leipzig |language=de|pages=7–15}}</ref> and it was not until 1940 that it was first used in English in an article published by [[Manfred Bukofzer]].{{sfn|Palisca|2001}}

The baroque was a period of musical experimentation and innovation which explains the amount of ornaments and improvisation performed by the musicians. New forms were invented, including the [[concerto]] and [[sinfonia]]. [[Opera]] was born in Italy at the end of the 16th century (with [[Jacopo Peri]]'s mostly lost ''[[Dafne]]'', produced in [[Florence]] in 1598) and soon spread through the rest of Europe: Louis XIV created the first [[Paris Opera|Royal Academy of Music]]. In 1669 the poet [[Pierre Perrin]] opened an academy of opera in Paris, the first opera theatre in France open to the public, and premiered ''[[Pomone (opera)|Pomone]]'', the first grand opera in French, with music by [[Robert Cambert]], with five acts, elaborate stage machinery, and a ballet.{{sfnp|Bély|2005|pp=152–54}} [[Heinrich Schütz]] in Germany, [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] in France, and [[Henry Purcell]] in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century.

Several new instruments, including the [[piano]], were introduced during this period. The invention of the piano is credited to [[Bartolomeo Cristofori]] (1655–1731) of [[Padua]], Italy, who was employed by [[Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany]], as the Keeper of the Instruments.<ref>{{cite book|last=Erlich|first=Cyril|title=The Piano: A History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], USA|edition=rev.|date=1990|isbn=0-19-816171-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cris/hd_cris.htm|title=The Piano: The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731)|work=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|place=New York|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=October 2003|last=Powers|first=Wendy|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref> Cristofori named the instrument ''un cimbalo di cipresso di piano e forte'' ("a keyboard of [[cypress]] with soft and loud"), abbreviated over time as ''pianoforte'', ''fortepiano'', and later, simply, piano.{{sfnp|Isacoff|2012|p=23}}

===Composers and examples===
* [[Giovanni Gabrieli]] ({{Circa|1554}}/1557–1612) ''[[Sonata pian' e forte]]'' (1597), ''[[In Ecclesiis]]'' (from ''Symphoniae sacrae'' book 2, 1615)
* [[Cristóbal de Medrano]] (c. 1561 – 1597),  ''voce mea cum sex vocibus'' (1594)
* [[Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger]] (c.  1580–1651) ''[[Libro primo di villanelle, 20]]'' (1610)
* [[Claudio Monteverdi]] (1567–1643), ''[[L'Orfeo|L'Orfeo, favola in musica]]'' (1610)
* [[Heinrich Schütz]] (1585–1672), ''[[Musikalische Exequien]]'' (1629, 1647, 1650)
* [[Francesco Cavalli]] (1602–1676), ''[[Egisto (opera)|L'Egisto]]'' (1643), ''[[Ercole amante]]'' (1662), ''[[Scipione affricano]]'' (1664)[[File:Johann Sebastian Bach.jpg|thumb|[[Johann Sebastian Bach|JS Bach (1685–1750)]]]]
* [[Johann Jacob Froberger]] (1616–1667), Complete Music for Harpsichord and Organ, [[Simone Stella]]
* [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] (1632–1687), ''[[Armide (Lully)|Armide]]'' (1686)
* [[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]] (1643–1704), ''[[Te Deum (Charpentier)|Te Deum]]'' (1688–1698)
* [[Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber]] (1644–1704), ''[[Mystery Sonatas]]'' (1681)
* [[John Blow]] (1649–1708), ''[[Venus and Adonis (opera)|Venus and Adonis]]'' (1680–1687)
* [[Johann Pachelbel]] (1653–1706), ''[[Pachelbel's Canon|Canon in D]]'' (1680)
* [[Arcangelo Corelli]] (1653–1713), [[Twelve concerti grossi, op.6 (Corelli)|12 concerti grossi, Op. 6]] (1714)
* [[Marin Marais]] (1656–1728), ''[[Sonnerie de Ste-Geneviève du Mont-de-Paris]]'' (1723)
* [[Henry Purcell]] (1659–1695), ''[[Dido and Aeneas]]'' (1688)
* [[Alessandro Scarlatti]] (1660–1725), ''[[L'honestà negli amori]]'' (1680), ''[[Il Pompeo]]'' (1683), ''[[Mitridate Eupatore]]'' (1707)
* [[François Couperin]] (1668–1733), ''[[Les barricades mystérieuses]]'' (1717)
* [[Tomaso Albinoni]] (1671–1751), ''[[Didone abbandonata (Albinoni)|Didone abbandonata]]'' (1724)
* [[Antonio Vivaldi]] (1678–1741), ''[[The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)|The Four Seasons]]'' (1725)
* [[Jan Dismas Zelenka]] (1679–1745), ''[[Il Serpente di Bronzo]]'' (1730), ''[[Missa Sanctissimae Trinitatis]]'' (1736)
* [[Georg Philipp Telemann]] (1681–1767), ''[[Der Tag des Gerichts]]'' (1762)
* [[Johann David Heinichen]] (1683–1729)
* [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]] (1683–1764), ''[[Dardanus (opera)|Dardanus]]'' (1739)
* [[George Frideric Handel]] (1685–1759), ''[[Water Music (Handel)|Water Music]]'' (1717), ''[[Music for the Royal Fireworks]]'' (1749), ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]'' (1741)
* [[Domenico Scarlatti]] (1685–1757), [[List of solo keyboard sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti|Sonatas for harpsichord]]
* [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] (1685–1750), [[Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565|Toccata and Fugue in D minor]] (1703–1707), ''[[Brandenburg Concertos]]'' (1721), ''[[St Matthew Passion]]'' (1727)
* [[Nicola Porpora]] (1686–1768), ''[[Semiramide riconosciuta (Porpora)|Semiramide riconosciuta]]'' (1729)
* [[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi]] (1710–1736), ''[[Stabat Mater]]'' (1736)