Editing Bacillus thuringiensis (section)

===Insect resistance===
Multiple insects have developed a resistance to ''B. thuringiensis''. In November 2009, [[Monsanto]] scientists found the [[pink bollworm]] had become [[Pesticide resistance|resistant]] to the first-generation [[Bt cotton]] in parts of [[Gujarat]], India - that generation expresses one Bt gene, ''Cry1Ac''. This was the first instance of Bt resistance confirmed by Monsanto anywhere in the world.<ref name=MonsantoWebCotton>{{cite web|url=http://www.monsanto.com/newsviews/Pages/india-pink-bollworm.aspx |title=Cotton in India |publisher=Monsanto.com |date=2008-11-03 |access-date=2013-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bagla P | title = India. Hardy cotton-munching pests are latest blow to GM crops | journal = Science | volume = 327 | issue = 5972 | pages = 1439 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20299559 | doi = 10.1126/science.327.5972.1439 | bibcode = 2010Sci...327.1439B | doi-access = free }}</ref> Monsanto responded by introducing a second-generation cotton with multiple Bt proteins, which was rapidly adopted.<ref name=MonsantoWebCotton /> Bollworm resistance to first-generation Bt cotton was also identified in Australia, China, Spain, and the United States.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tabashnik BE, Gassmann AJ, Crowder DW, Carriére Y | title = Insect resistance to Bt crops: evidence versus theory | journal = Nature Biotechnology | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–202 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18259177 | doi = 10.1038/nbt1382 | s2cid = 205273664 }}</ref> Additionally, resistance to Bt was documented in field population of [[diamondback moth]] in Hawaii, the continental US, and Asia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tabshnik BE |title=Evolution of Resistance to Bacillus Thuringiensis |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=January 1994 |volume= 39 |pages=47–79 |doi= 10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.000403}}</ref>  Studies in the [[cabbage looper]] have suggested that a mutation in the membrane transporter ABCC2 can confer resistance to Bt ''Cry1Ac''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baxter SW, Badenes-Pérez FR, Morrison A, Vogel H, Crickmore N, Kain W, Wang P, Heckel DG, Jiggins CD | title = Parallel evolution of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin resistance in lepidoptera | journal = Genetics | volume = 189 | issue = 2 | pages = 675–9 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21840855 | pmc = 3189815 | doi = 10.1534/genetics.111.130971 }}</ref>