Editing Babur (section)

== Death and legacy ==
[[File:Humayun (left) with his father Babur (right), painted circa 1640 (Late Shah Jahan Album).jpg|upright|Babur and his heir [[Humayun]]|thumb]]

Babur died in Agra on {{OldStyleDate|5 January|1531|26 December 1530}} and was succeeded by his eldest son, Humayun. He was first buried in Chauburji, [[Agra]].<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Agra beyond the Taj: Exploring tombs and gardens on the left bank of Yamuna |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/agra-beyond-the-taj-exploring-tombs-and-gardens-on-the-left-bank-of-yamuna/cid/2031729 |access-date=18 July 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=5 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Jagaran">{{cite news |last1=Goel |first1=Shrishti |title=Did you know Mughal emperor Babur's body was kept at this place for 6 months before being buried in Kabul? |url=https://english.jagran.com/india/did-you-know-mughal-emperor-baburs-body-was-kept-at-this-place-for-6-months-before-being-buried-in-kabul-10020153 |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=Dainik Jagaran |date=20 November 2020}}</ref> Later, as per his wishes, his mortal remains were moved to Kabul and reburied in [[Bagh-e Babur]] in Kabul sometime between 1539 and 1544.<ref name="Necipoğlu">{{citation |last=Necipoğlu |first=Gülru |title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6MN2T9cXNEC&pg=PA135 |year=1997 |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-10872-6 |page=135 |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205161343/https://books.google.com/books?id=s6MN2T9cXNEC&pg=PA135#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="VDM1"/>

[[File:Navoi Square (Formerly Bobur Square) - Where 2005 Massacre Took Place - Andijon - Uzbekistan (7544000842).jpg|thumb|[[Bobur Square]], Andijan, Uzbekistan in 2012]]

It is generally agreed that, as a Timurid, Babur was not only significantly influenced by the Persian culture, but also that his empire gave rise to the expansion of the [[Persianate]] ethos in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Ẓahīr-al-Dīn Moḥammad Bābor" /><ref name="Robert L. Canfield 1991 p.20" /> He emerged in his own telling as a [[Timurid Renaissance]] inheritor, leaving signs of Islamic, artistic literary, and social aspects in India.<ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen Frederic |last=Dale |title=The garden of the eight paradises: Bābur and the culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530) |publisher=Brill |year=2004 |page=216|isbn=90-04-13707-6 }}</ref><ref>{{New Cambridge History of Islam|volume=3}}</ref>

For example, F. Lehmann states in the ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]'':
{{Blockquote|His origin, milieu, training, and culture were steeped in Persian culture and so Babur was largely responsible for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, the Mughals of India, and for the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and historiographical results.<ref name="Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lehmann |first=F. |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babor-zahir-al-din |title=Memoirs of Zehīr-ed-Dīn Muhammed Bābur |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date=2 April 2008 |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117020020/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babor-zahir-al-din |url-status=live}}</ref>}}Although all applications of modern Central Asian ethnicities to people of Babur's time are anachronistic, Soviet and Uzbek sources regard Babur as an ethnic Uzbek.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=A. M. |editor-last=Prokhorov |encyclopedia=Great Soviet Encyclopedia |title=Babur |url=http://bse-soviet-encyclopedia.info/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F/54583/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80 |access-date=16 September 2013 |language=ru |year=1969–1978 |publisher=Soviet Encyclopedia |location=Moscow |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916175254/http://bse-soviet-encyclopedia.info/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F/54583/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80 |archive-date=16 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Ibrohim |editor-last=Muminov |encyclopedia=Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia |title=Bobur |language=uz |year=1972 |volume=2 |location=Tashkent |pages=287–95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bobur |first=Zahiriddin Muhammad |title=Boburnoma |year=1989 |publisher=Yulduzcha |location=Tashkent |page=3 |editor=A'zam Oʻktam |language=uz |chapter=About This Edition}}</ref> At the same time, during the Soviet Union Uzbek scholars were censored for idealising and praising Babur and other historical figures such as [[Ali-Shir Nava'i]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Fierman |editor-first=William |title=Soviet Central Asia |year=1991 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colorado |isbn=978-0-8133-7907-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sovietcentralasi00fier/page/147 147] |url=https://archive.org/details/sovietcentralasi00fier/page/147}}</ref>

[[File:1842 tomb of Babur by Charles Masson.png|thumb|The tomb of the first Mughal Emperor Babur in [[Kabul]]|176x176px]]Babur is considered a national hero in Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uzbekistan.or.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=news&wr_id=878 |title=Grandeur and Eternity: Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur in Minds of People Forever |work=Embassy of Uzbekistan in Korea. |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=14 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522171617/http://www.uzbekistan.or.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=news&wr_id=878 |archive-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 14 February 2008, stamps in his name were issued in the country to commemorate his 525th birth anniversary.<ref>{{cite web |title=The country's history on postage miniatures |url=http://old.ut.uz/eng/kaleidoscope/the_countrys_history_on_postage_miniatures.mgr |publisher=Uzbekistan Today |access-date=12 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614180708/https://old.ut.uz/eng/kaleidoscope/the_countrys_history_on_postage_miniatures.mgr |archive-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> Many of Babur's poems have become popular Uzbek folk songs, especially by [[Sherali Joʻrayev]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sherali Joʻrayev: We Haven't Stopped. We Still Exist |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/uzbek/news/story/2007/04/070412_sherali_juraev_60.shtml |date=13 April 2007 |work=[[BBC]]'s Uzbek Service |language=uz |access-date=8 October 2013 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205161345/https://www.bbc.com/uzbek/news/story/2007/04/070412_sherali_juraev_60 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some sources claim that Babur is a national hero in [[Kyrgyzstan]] too.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wang |first=Zhihong |title=Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage |publisher= |page=121}}</ref> In October 2005, Pakistan developed the [[Babur (cruise missile)|Babur Cruise Missile]], named in his honour.

''[[Shahenshah Babar]]'', an Indian film about the emperor directed by [[Wajahat Mirza]] was released in 1944. The 1960 Indian biographical film ''Babar'' by [[Hemen Gupta]] covered the emperor's life with [[Gajanan Jagirdar]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rangoonwalla |first1=Firoze |last2=Das |first2=Vishwanath |title=Indian Filmography: Silent & Hindi Films, 1897–1969 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26dZAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=J. Udeshi |page=370 |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205161451/https://books.google.com/books?id=26dZAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

One of the enduring features of Babur's life was that he left behind the lively and well-written autobiography known as ''Baburnama''.<ref name="baburnama">{{cite book |title=The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor |publisher=Modern Library |isbn=0-375-76137-3 |year=2002 |author=Babur, Emperor of Hindustan |others=translated, edited and annotated by W. M. Thackston |url=https://archive.org/details/babarinizam00babu}}</ref> Quoting [[Henry Beveridge (1837–1929)|Henry Beveridge]], [[Stanley Lane-Poole]] writes:
{{Blockquote|His autobiography is one of those priceless records which are for all time, and is fit to rank with the confessions of [[Confessions of Saint Augustine|St. Augustine]] and [[Confessions of Rousseau|Rousseau]], and the memoirs of [[Memoirs of My Life and Writings|Gibbon]] and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]. In Asia it stands almost alone.}}<ref>{{harvtxt|Lane-Poole|1899|pp=12–13}}</ref> In his own words, "The cream of my testimony is this, do nothing against your brothers even though they may deserve it." Also, "The new year, the spring, the wine and the beloved are joyful. Babur make merry, for the world will not be there for you a second time."<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=2013 |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |page=151 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4}}</ref>[[File:Tombstone of Babur.JPG|thumb|Tombstone of Babur in Bagh-e Babur, Kabul, Afghanistan.|177x177px]]

=== Babri Masjid ===
{{POV section|date=January 2024}}
{{Main|Babri Masjid}}
{{See also|Demolition of the Babri Masjid}}[[File:Babri Masjid.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Babri masjid image|A 19th century photograph of Babri masjid.]]The Babri Masjid ("Babur's Mosque") in [[Ayodhya]], was constructed by [[Mir Baqi]] (commander of the Babur), according to the mosque's inscriptions, in 1528–29 (935 [[Hijri year|AH]]). On 6 December 1992, Babri Masjid was demolished by a large group of activists of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and [[Sangh Parivar|allied organisations]].

In 2003, the [[Allahabad High Court]] ordered the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) to conduct a more in-depth study and an [[Archaeological excavation|excavation]] to ascertain the type of structure beneath the mosque.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ratnagar |first=Shereen |date=April 2004 |title=Archaeology at the Heart of a Political Confrontation: The Case of Ayodhya |url=https://www.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de/fileadmin/Documents/Professorships/Visual_and_Media_Anthropology/ForUS/381044.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de/fileadmin/Documents/Professorships/Visual_and_Media_Anthropology/ForUS/381044.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=239–59 |doi=10.1086/381044 |s2cid=149773944}}</ref> The excavation was conducted from 12 March to 7 August 2003, resulting in 1360 discoveries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/22ayo.htm |title=ASI submits report on Ayodhya excavation |work=Rediff.com |agency=Press Trust of India |date=22 August 2003 |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026011030/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/22ayo.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

The summary of the ASI report indicated the presence of a 10th-century temple under the mosque.<ref name="trib">{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm |last=Suryamurthy |first=R |title=ASI findings may not resolve title dispute |newspaper=The Tribune |date=26 August 2003 |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-date=11 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411193402/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050323101829/http://www.the-week.com/23sep07/events1.htm Prasannan, R. (7 September 2003) "Ayodhya: Layers of truth"] ''The Week'' (India), from [[Web Archive]]</ref> The ASI team said that, human activity at the site dates back to the 13th century BCE. The next few layers date back to the [[Shunga dynasty|Shunga]] period (second-first century BCE) and the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] period. During the early [[Medieval India|medieval period]] (11–12th century CE), a huge but short-lived structure of nearly 50 metres north–south orientation was constructed. On the remains of this structure, another massive structure was constructed: this structure had at least three structural phases and three successive floors attached with it. The report concluded that it was over the top of this construction that the disputed structure was constructed during the early 16th century.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm |title=Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report |work=Rediff.com |agency=Press Trust of India |date=25 August 2003 |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225023956/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm%20 |url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeologist [[K. K. Muhammed|KK Muhammed]], the only [[Indian Muslims|Muslim]] member in the team of people surveying the excavation, also confirmed individually that there existed a temple like structure before the Babri Masjid was constructed over it.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-temple-existed-before-babri-mosque-in-ayodhya-archaeologist-kk-muhammed/articleshow/71391712.cms |title=Ram temple existed before Babri mosque in Ayodhya: Archaeologist KK Muhammed |last=Shekhar |first=Kumar Shakti |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 November 2019 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118221506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-temple-existed-before-babri-mosque-in-ayodhya-archaeologist-kk-muhammed/articleshow/71391712.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Several archaeologists disputed ASI findings.{{sfn|Srivastava|2003}} According to archaeologist Supriya Verma and Jaya Menon, who observed the excavations on behalf of the Sunni Waqf Board, "the [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] was operating with a preconceived notion of discovering the remains of a temple beneath the demolished mosque, even selectively altering the evidence to suit its hypothesis." this allegation particularly focused on the "pillar bases" central to the claim of a temple, which Verma and Menon alleged were irregularly shaped, irregularly spaced and largely the result of selective excavation, rather than representing genuine evidence of pillars.<ref>Supriya Verma, Menon Shiv Sunni (2010), [https://www.epw.in/journal/2010/50/verdict-ayodhya-special-issues/was-there-temple-under-babri-masjid-reading "Was There a Temple under the Babri Masjid? Reading the Archaeological 'Evidence'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126215531/https://www.epw.in/journal/2010/50/verdict-ayodhya-special-issues/was-there-temple-under-babri-masjid-reading|date=26 January 2021}}, ''Economic & Political Weekly''</ref>

The [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute#Summary of the verdict|Supreme Court judgement]] of 2019 granted the entire disputed land to the Hindus for construction of a temple, stating that Hindus continue to worship at the site and continued to hold the land outside the yard. It also held that there is nothing to prove that the structure, which was present before the construction of the mosque, was demolished for the purpose of building mosque or was already in ruins.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-ruins-dont-always-indicate-demolition-observes-sc/article29938243.ece |title=Ayodhya verdict {{!}} Ruins don't always indicate demolition, observes Supreme Court |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=10 November 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 November 2019 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112003600/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-ruins-dont-always-indicate-demolition-observes-sc/article29938243.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/highlights-of-the-ayodhya-verdict/article29929685.ece |title=Highlights of the Ayodhya verdict |date=9 November 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 November 2019 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220005358/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/highlights-of-the-ayodhya-verdict/article29929685.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>