Editing Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (section)

===Classification===
====Diagnostic and Statistical Manual====
As with many other psychiatric disorders, a formal diagnosis should be made by a qualified professional based on a set number of criteria. In the United States, these criteria are defined by the [[American Psychiatric Association]] in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]]. Based on the DSM-5 criteria published in 2013 and the DSM-5-TR criteria published in 2022, there are three presentations of ADHD:

# ADHD, predominantly inattentive presentation, presents with symptoms including being easily distracted, forgetful, daydreaming, disorganisation, poor sustained attention, and difficulty completing tasks.
# ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, presents with excessive fidgeting and restlessness, hyperactivity, and difficulty waiting and remaining seated.
# ADHD, combined presentation, is a combination of the first two presentations.

This subdivision is based on presence of at least six (in children) or five (in older teenagers and adults)<ref>{{cite web |title=Adult ADHD: Diagnosis |url=https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/treating-conditions-and-disorders/adult-adhd/adult-adhd---diagnosis |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=CAMH |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621130901/https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/treating-conditions-and-disorders/adult-adhd/adult-adhd---diagnosis |url-status=live }}</ref> out of nine long-term (lasting at least six months) symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity–impulsivity, or both.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="DSM5TR" /> To be considered, several symptoms must have appeared by the age of six to twelve and occur in more than one environment (e.g. at home and at school or work). The symptoms must be inappropriate for a child of that age<ref name="pmid21991721">{{cite journal |vauthors=Berger I |title=Diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: much ado about something |journal=[[Israel Medical Association Journal]] |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=571–574 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21991721 |url=http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/40/20032.pdf |access-date=23 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728130553/https://www.ima.org.il/filesupload/imaj/0/40/20032.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> and there must be clear evidence that they are causing impairment in multiple domains of life.<ref name="pmid23755024">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steinau S |title=Diagnostic Criteria in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - Changes in DSM 5 |journal=[[Frontiers in Psychiatry]] |volume=4 |page=49 |year=2013 |pmid=23755024 |pmc=3667245 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00049 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The DSM-5 and the DSM-5-TR also provide two diagnoses for individuals who have symptoms of ADHD but do not entirely meet the requirements. ''Other Specified ADHD'' allows the clinician to describe why the individual does not meet the criteria, whereas ''Unspecified ADHD'' is used where the clinician chooses not to describe the reason.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="DSM5TR" />

====International Classification of Diseases====
In the eleventh revision of the [[International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]] ([[ICD-11]]) by the [[World Health Organization]], the disorder is classified as Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (code 6A05). The defined subtypes are ''predominantly inattentive presentation'' (6A05.0); ''predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation'' (6A05.1); and ''combined presentation'' (6A05.2). However, the ICD-11 includes two residual categories for individuals who do not entirely match any of the defined subtypes: ''other specified presentation'' (6A05.Y) where the clinician includes detail on the individual's presentation; and ''presentation unspecified'' (6A05.Z) where the clinician does not provide detail.<ref name="ICD-11">{{cite encyclopedia |title=6A05 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |date=February 2022<!-- The most recent update as of the access date --> |orig-date=2019<!-- This is when it was adopted by the World Health Assembly --> |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/821852937 |encyclopedia=International Classification of Diseases |edition=11th |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180801205234/https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en%23/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/294762853#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/821852937 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the tenth revision ([[ICD-10]]), the symptoms of ''hyperkinetic disorder'' were analogous to ADHD in the ICD-11. When a [[conduct disorder]] <!-- a type of disorder, its not CD --> (as defined by ICD-10)<ref name="ICD10">{{cite book |title=International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision |year=2010 |publisher=World Health Organisation |chapter=F90 Hyperkinetic disorders |chapter-url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F90 |access-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102133725/http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F90}}</ref> is present, the condition was referred to as ''hyperkinetic conduct disorder''. Otherwise, the disorder was classified as ''disturbance of activity and attention'', ''other hyperkinetic disorders'' or ''hyperkinetic disorders, unspecified''. The latter was sometimes referred to as ''hyperkinetic syndrome''.<ref name="ICD10" />

====Social construct theory====
The [[social construct theory of ADHD]] suggests that, because the boundaries between normal and abnormal behaviour are socially constructed (i.e. jointly created and validated by all members of society, and in particular by [[physician]]s, parents, teachers, and others), it then follows that subjective valuations and judgements determine which diagnostic criteria are used and thus, the number of people affected.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Parens E, Johnston J |title=Facts, values, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an update on the controversies |journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=1 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19152690 |pmc=2637252 |doi=10.1186/1753-2000-3-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Thomas Szasz]], a supporter of this theory, has argued that ADHD was "invented and then given a name".<ref>{{Cite book |vauthors=Szasz T |chapter=Psychiatric Medicine: Disorder |chapter-url={{google books|29HP1q6JrgYC |page=77|plainurl=yes}} |title=Pharmacracy: medicine and politics in America |url={{google books|29HP1q6JrgYC|plainurl=yes}} |via=Google Books |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, CT |year=2001 |pages=[{{google books|29HP1q6JrgYC |page=101|plainurl=yes}} 101] |isbn=978-0-275-97196-0 |quote=Mental diseases are ''invented'' and then given a name, for example attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).}}</ref>