Editing Apollo 13 (section)

== Aftermath ==
[[File:President Richard Nixon speaks before awarding the Apollo 13 astronauts the Presidential Medal of Freedom.jpg|thumb|President [[Richard Nixon]] awarding the Apollo&nbsp;13 astronauts the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]]]

On February 5, 1971, [[Apollo&nbsp;14]]'s LM, ''Antares'', landed on the Moon with astronauts [[Alan Shepard]] and [[Edgar Mitchell]] aboard, near Fra Mauro, the site Apollo&nbsp;13 had been intended to explore.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Universities Space Research Association|USRA]]|publisher=Lunar and Planetary Institute|title=Apollo 14 mission|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_14/|access-date=September 15, 2019}}</ref> Haise served as CAPCOM during the descent to the Moon,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14.landing.html|title=Landing at Far Mauro |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |work=Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |access-date=November 24, 2019|date=January 12, 2016}}</ref> and during the second EVA, during which Shepard and Mitchell explored near Cone crater.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14.tocone.html|title=Climbing Cone Ridge – where are we? |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |work=Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |access-date=November 24, 2019|date=September 29, 2017}}</ref>

None of the Apollo&nbsp;13 astronauts flew in space again. Lovell retired from NASA and the Navy in 1973, entering the private sector.<ref name="nasabio">{{cite web |url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/lovell-ja.html |title=Astronaut Bio: James A. Lovell |access-date=December 16, 2016|publisher=NASA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112213829/https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/lovell-ja.html|archive-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref>  Swigert was to have flown on the 1975 [[Apollo–Soyuz|Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] (the first joint mission with the Soviet Union) but was removed as part of the fallout from the [[Apollo 15 postal covers incident]]. He took a leave of absence from NASA in 1973 and left the agency to enter politics, being elected to the House of Representatives in 1982, but died of cancer before he could be sworn in.<ref>{{cite web|title=For Jack Swigert, on his 83rd birthday|last=Carney|first=Emily|url=https://www.americaspace.com/2014/08/29/for-jack-swigert-on-his-83rd-birthday/|publisher=AmericaSpace|date=August 29, 2014|access-date=November 24, 2019}}</ref> Haise was slated to have been the commander of the canceled [[Apollo 19]] mission, and flew the [[Space Shuttle]] [[Approach and Landing Tests]] before retiring from NASA in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Elizabeth|last1=Howell|last2=Hickok|first2=Kimberly|title=Astronaut Fred Haise: Apollo 13 Crewmember |url=http://www.space.com/20318-fred-haise-apollo-13-biography.html |website=Space.com|publisher=Future US |date=April 10, 2020 |access-date = April 11, 2020}}</ref>

Several experiments were completed during Apollo 13, even though the mission did not land on the Moon.<ref name = "13 science" /> One involved the launch vehicle's [[S-IVB]] (the Saturn&nbsp;V's third stage), which on prior missions had been sent into solar orbit once detached. The seismometer left by Apollo 12 had detected frequent impacts of small objects onto the Moon, but larger impacts would yield more information about the Moon's crust, so it was decided that, beginning with Apollo&nbsp;13, the S-IVB would be crashed into the Moon.{{sfn|Harland|1999|p=50}} The impact occurred at 77:56:40 into the mission and produced enough energy that the gain on the seismometer, {{convert|73|mi|order=flip|sp=us}} from the impact, had to be reduced.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland|2006|p=367}} An experiment to measure the amount of atmospheric electrical phenomena during the ascent to orbit{{snd}}added after Apollo 12 was struck by lightning{{snd}}returned data indicating a heightened risk during marginal weather. A series of photographs of Earth, taken to test whether cloud height could be determined from [[geosynchronous satellite|synchronous satellites]], achieved the desired results.<ref name = "13 science">{{cite web|title=Apollo 13 mission: Science experiments|website=[[Universities Space Research Association|USRA]]|publisher=Lunar and Planetary Institute|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_13/experiments/|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915105402/https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_13/experiments/|archive-date=September 15, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As a joke, Grumman issued an invoice to North American Rockwell, prime contractor for the CSM, for "towing" the CSM most of the way to the Moon and back. Line items included 400001<!--conversion makes no sense here--> miles at $1 each (plus $4 for the first mile); $536.05 for battery charging; oxygen; and four nights at $8 per night for an "additional guest in room" (Swigert). After a 20% "commercial discount", and a 2% discount for timely payment, the final total was $312,421.24. North American declined payment, noting that it had ferried three previous Grumman LMs to the Moon without compensation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-centers/kennedy-space-center/the-apollo-13-invoice/|title=The Apollo 13 Invoice...|website=Spaceflight Insider|access-date=September 17, 2019|date=December 8, 2013|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041957/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-centers/kennedy-space-center/the-apollo-13-invoice/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tongue-in-Cheek-Bill Asks Space Tow Fee|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19700418&id=Owg0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=O_gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5822,839543|newspaper=[[The Spokesman-Review|Spokane Daily Chronicle]]|date=April 18, 1970|page=7|access-date=September 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 18, 1970|access-date=September 17, 2019|title='Towing' Fee Is Asked by Grumman|page=13|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/18/archives/towing-fee-is-asked-by-grumman.html}}</ref>

[[File:Apollo13 CommandModule Kansas.JPG|thumb|The Apollo&nbsp;13 command module ''Odyssey'' on display at the [[Cosmosphere]] in Hutchinson, Kansas]]
The CM was disassembled for testing and parts remained in storage for years; some were used for a trainer for the [[Skylab Rescue|Skylab Rescue Mission]]. That trainer was subsequently displayed at the [[Kentucky Science Center]]. Max Ary of the [[Cosmosphere]] made it a project to restore ''Odyssey''; it is on display there, in [[Hutchinson, Kansas]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35462879/the_manhattan_mercury/|title=Apollo 13 Capsule Headed for Kansas|agency=Associated Press|date=December 29, 1996|page=A2|via=Newspapers.com|location=Manhattan, Kansas|newspaper=The Manhattan Mercury}}</ref>

Apollo&nbsp;13 was called a "successful failure" by Lovell.{{sfn|Cortright|1975|pp=247–249}} [[Mike Massimino]], a [[Space Shuttle]] astronaut, stated that Apollo 13 "showed teamwork, camaraderie and what NASA was really made of".<ref name = "Yahoo 50th">{{cite news|publisher = [[Yahoo! News]]|url=https://news.yahoo.com/houston-ve-had-problem-remembering-050652323.html|access-date=April 11, 2020|date=April 9, 2020|title='Houston, we've had a problem': Remembering Apollo 13 at 50|last=Dunn|first=Marcia|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The response to the accident has been repeatedly called "NASA's finest hour";<ref name="Walt Disney's Honorary Oscars">{{cite web|first=Kim|last=Shiflett|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/members-of-apollo-13-team-reflect-on-nasas-finest-hour|title=Members of Apollo 13 Team Reflect on 'NASA's Finest Hour'|date=April 17, 2015|access-date=June 16, 2018|publisher=[[NASA]]|archive-date=September 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924162717/https://www.nasa.gov/content/members-of-apollo-13-team-reflect-on-nasas-finest-hour/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|editor-last1=Foerman |editor-first1=Paul |editor-last2=Thompson |editor-first2=Lacy|date=April 2010|title=Apollo 13 – NASA's 'successful failure'|journal=Lagniappe|volume=5|issue=4|pages=5–7|location=Hancock County, Mississippi|publisher=[[John C. Stennis Space Center]]|access-date=July 4, 2013|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/stennis/pdf/445767main_April_10_Lagniappe.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/stennis/pdf/445767main_April_10_Lagniappe.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cgpublishing.com/Rpdf/Apollo%20EECOM%20Boeing%20News%201(FL)1.pdf|title=NASA's Finest Hour: Sy Liebergot recalls the race to save Apollo 13|last=Seil|first=Bill|date=July 5, 2005|work=Boeing News Now|publisher=[[Boeing|Boeing Company]] |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409192033/http://www.cgpublishing.com/Rpdf/Apollo%20EECOM%20Boeing%20News%201(FL)1.pdf|archive-date=April 9, 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Chaikin|1995|p=335}} it is still viewed that way.<ref name = "Yahoo 50th" /> Author [[Colin Burgess (author)|Colin Burgess]] wrote, "the life-or-death flight of Apollo&nbsp;13 dramatically evinced the colossal risks inherent in manned spaceflight. Then, with the crew safely back on Earth, public apathy set in once again."{{sfn|Burgess|2019|p=23}}

William R. Compton, in his book about the Apollo Program, said of Apollo&nbsp;13, "Only a heroic effort of real-time improvisation by mission operations teams saved the crew."{{sfn|Compton|1989|pp=196–199}} Rick Houston and [[Milt Heflin]], in their history of Mission Control, stated, "Apollo&nbsp;13 proved mission control could bring those space voyagers back home again when their lives were on the line."{{sfn|Houston, Heflin & Aaron|2015|p=199}} Former NASA chief historian [[Roger D. Launius]] wrote, "More than any other incident in the history of spaceflight, recovery from this accident solidified the world's belief in NASA's capabilities".{{sfn|Launius|2019|p=187}} Nevertheless, the accident convinced some officials, such as Manned Spaceflight Center director Gilruth, that if NASA kept sending astronauts on Apollo missions, some would inevitably be killed, and they called for as quick an end as possible to the program.{{sfn|Launius|2019|p=187}}  Nixon's advisers recommended canceling the remaining lunar missions, saying that a disaster in space would cost him political capital.{{sfn|Chaikin|1995|p=336}} Budget cuts made such a decision easier, and during the pause after Apollo&nbsp;13, two missions were canceled, meaning that the program ended with [[Apollo 17]] in December 1972.{{sfn|Launius|2019|p=187}}{{sfn|Burgess|2019|pp=22–27}}