Editing Antonín Dvořák (section)

===Chamber music===
{{listen
 | header       = [[Romantic Pieces (Dvořák)|''Romantic Pieces'']] for violin and piano
 | type         = music
 | filename     = Dvořák - Romance Op. 75 No. 1.ogg
 | title        = No. 1
 | format       = [[Ogg]]
 | filename2    = Dvořák - Romance Op. 75 No. 2.ogg
 | title2       = No. 3
 | description2 = Performed by Roxana Pavel Goldstein (violin) and Monica Pavel (piano).
 | format2      = [[Ogg]]
}}
A viola player himself, Dvořák had a natural affinity for string instruments. Over a period of thirty years, Dvořák composed over forty chamber music works.

==== String quintets ====
In 1860, just after he completed his education at the Prague Organ School, Dvořák composed his [[String Quintet No. 1 (Dvořák)|String Quintet No. 1 in A minor]], Op. 1. Two more would follow, of which the [[String Quintet No. 2 (Dvořák)|String Quintet No. 2 in G major]], Op. 77 from early 1875, is noteworthy for the use of a double bass. This quintet was written towards the end of the composer's transitional phase, incorporating a thematic density to his works. This quintet is characterized by delicate operetta style uncommon in his instrumental work.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dodd|first=Mead|title=Dvoràk His Life and Music|publisher=New York|year=1967|pages=58–59}}</ref> The extension of a variation to all section is reminiscent of his symphonic literature.<ref name="Döge 2001"/> It was written for a chamber music competition sponsored by the ''[[Umělecká beseda]]'' (Artistic Circle), where it was unanimously awarded a prize of five [[ducat]]s for the ''"distinction of theme, the technical skill in polyphonic composition, the mastery of form and the knowledge of the instruments"'' displayed.<ref>[[#{{harvid|Clapham|1979a}}|Clapham (1966, reprinted 1969)]], p. 167.</ref> The [[String Quintet No. 3 (Dvořák)|String Quintet No. 3 in E{{music|flat}} major]], Op. 97, with a second viola added, was written near the end of his American period in 1893, when he spent a summer holiday in [[Spillville, Iowa]].

==== String quartets ====
In the 1880s Dvořák made a list of his destroyed compositions, including string quartets in B-flat, D and E minor of 1868–70. Dvořák destroyed these compositions during his "mad period" only after copies had already been printed. The number of errors in the parts makes it unlikely that they were ever played.  Dvořák kept the manuscripts of these quartets but did not give them opus numbers. They are noted to have numbers [[String Quartet No. 2 (Dvořák)|B.17]], [[String Quartet No. 3 (Dvořák)|B.18]], and [[String Quartet No. 4 (Dvořák)|B.19]] in the Burghauser catalog<ref name="ReferenceA" /> and show the strong influence of the music of [[Richard Wagner]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antonin-dvorak.cz/en/string-quartet3|title=en/string-quartet3 – antonin-dvorak.cz|website=www.antonin-dvorak.cz}}. English language version of a Czech site including details of all Dvořák's works.</ref> The second, third, and fourth quartets illustrate Dvořák's progress as a composer. He demonstrates understanding of highly developed musical language in his D major quartet, shaping the melody of the Slav freedom song ''Hej Slovane'' ('Hey, Slavs!') in a variation style.<ref name="Döge 2001"/> The quartet in E minor is a single movement, including a slow, 63 bars on an F# pedal point.<ref name="Döge 2001"/> The single movement from the E minor quartet was used five years later in his second string quintet Op. 77, as a second movement named ''Intermezzo: Nocturne'', making this initially a five-movement composition. He later withdrew the second movement and reworked it into the [[Nocturne in B (Dvořák)|Nocturne for Strings in B major, Op. 40 (B. 47)]]. These show a stronger sense of form<ref>[[#{{harvid|Clapham|1979a}}|Clapham 1969]], p. 163.</ref> and include three separate arrangements: for orchestra (B47), for violin and piano (B48A), and for piano four hands (B48B).<ref name="Döge 2001"/>

During his time in America in 1893, Dvořák composed two of his most popular quartets: the [[String Quartet No. 12 (Dvořák)|String Quartet No. 12 in F, Op. 96 ("The American")]] and the String Quintet in E-flat, Op. 97 (B180). Dvořák composed this work in three days after he and his family reunited in Spillville, Iowa. He drew inspiration from the freedom he felt in the countryside of America. This piece is distinguishable from his other quartets due to the simplicity of it writing. Throughout the piece, Dvořák uses skipping rhythms, high register of the first violin, and unified key relationships among all movements except for Lento.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tibbetts|first=John|title=Dvořák in America|publisher=Amadeus Press|year=1993|isbn=0-931340-56-X|location=Portland, Oregon|pages=157–158}}</ref> There is less shaping in thematic material, heavy uses of repetition, and less attention was paid to the development.<ref name="Döge 2001"/> Shortly after the composition of Op. 96, Dvořák composed his E-flat Major String Quintet, Op. 97. This piece was distinguished from his prior chamber works due to the instrumentation of two viola parts. The influence that Native American folk music had on Dvořák's work was also apparent in Op. 97; there is a common drum rhythm in Native American music presented throughout all of the movements except the Larghetto.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tibbetts|first=John|title=Dvořák in America|publisher=Amadeus Press|year=1993|isbn=0-931340-56-X|location=Portland, Oregon|pages=239–241}}</ref>

==== Other chamber works ====
He also composed two piano quintets, both in A major, of which the [[Piano Quintet No. 2 (Dvořák)|second]], Op. 81, is the better known. He left a [[Terzetto in C (Dvořák)|Terzetto for two violins and viola]] (Op. 74); two piano quartets ([[Piano Quartet No. 1 (Dvořák)|Op. 23]] and [[Piano Quartet No. 2 (Dvořák)|Op. 87]]), a [[String Sextet (Dvořák)|string sextet, Op. 48]]; and four piano trios, including the [[Piano Trio No. 4 (Dvořák)|Piano Trio No. 4]] (subtitled ''[[Dumky]]''), Op. 90. He also wrote a set of [[Bagatelles, Op. 47 (Dvořák)|''Bagatelles'', Op. 47]], for the unusual combination of two violins, cello, and [[harmonium]]. The Bagatelles are cyclical and similar to a suite, echoing Czech bagpipe melodies. Dvořák wrote two waltzes for string quartet, and arranged set of 12 love songs for the string quartet entitled ''Echo of Songs'' (B152), taken from his set of 18 songs originally composed in 1865 entitled ''[[Cypresses quartet (Dvořák)|Cypresses]]''. His works for violin and piano include the [[Romantic Pieces (Dvořák)|''Romantic Pieces'']], the [[Violin Sonatina (Dvořák)|Violin Sonatina]], and the [[Violin Sonata (Dvořák)|Violin Sonata]].