Editing Angioplasty (section)

== History ==

Angioplasty was first described by the US [[interventional radiologist]] [[Charles Dotter]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dotter CT, Judkins MP | title = Transluminal treatment of arteriosclerotic obstruction  | journal = Circulation | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 654–670 | date = November 1964 | pmid = 14226164 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.30.5.654 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Dotter pioneered modern medicine with the invention of angioplasty and the catheter-delivered stent, which were first used to treat peripheral arterial disease. On January 16, 1964, Dotter percutaneously dilated a tight, localized stenosis of the [[subsartorial artery]] in an 82-year-old woman with painful leg ischemia and gangrene who refused leg amputation. After successful dilation of the stenosis with a guide wire and coaxial Teflon catheters, the circulation returned to her leg. The dilated artery stayed open until her death from pneumonia two and a half years later.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rösch J, Keller FS, Kaufman JA | title = The birth, early years, and future of interventional radiology | journal = Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 841–853 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12847192 | doi = 10.1097/01.RVI.0000083840.97061.5b | s2cid = 14197760 }}</ref> Charles Dotter is commonly known as the "Father of [[Interventional Radiology]]" and was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize]] in medicine in 1978.

The first percutaneous coronary angioplasty on an awake patient was performed in Zurich by the German cardiologist [[Andreas Gruentzig]] on September 16, 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptca.org/archive/bios/gruentzig.html|title=Andreas R. Gruentzig – Biographical Sketch|work=ptca.org|access-date=February 22, 2016|archive-date=December 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215190827/http://www.ptca.org/archive/bios/gruentzig.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first percutaneous coronary angioplasties in the United States were performed on the same day (March 1, 1978) by Simon H. Stertzer at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York and Richard K. Myler at St. Mary's Hospital in San Francisco. During the previous year, also at St. Mary's Hospital in San Francisco, Myler and Gruentzig had performed dilatations in the setting of bypass surgery to test the catheter concept before Gruentzig performed the first percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in his catheterization lab in Zurich.

The initial form of angioplasty was 'plain old balloon angioplasty' without stenting, until the invention of bare metal stents in the mid-1980s to prevent the abrupt closure that sometimes occurred plain old balloon angioplasty.<ref name="Chhabra_2019" />

Bare metal stents were found to cause in-stent restenosis as a result of [[neointimal hyperplasia]] and stent thrombosis, which led to the invention of drug-eluting stents with anti-proliferative drugs to combat in-stent restenosis.<ref name="Chhabra_2019" />

The first coronary angioplasty with a drug delivery stent system was performed by Stertzer and Luis de la Fuente, at the Instituto Argentino de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento (English: Argentina Institute of Diagnosis and Treatment<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.natureindex.com/institution-outputs/argentina/argentina-institute-of-diagnosis-and-treatment-iadt/5139070034d6b65e6a001a47 |title= Argentina Institute of Diagnosis and Treatment (IADT), Argentina / Institution outputs / Nature Index |website= NatureIndex.com |access-date= 28 March 2018 |archive-date= October 24, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221024123953/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/institution-outputs/argentina/argentina-institute-of-diagnosis-and-treatment-iadt/5139070034d6b65e6a001a47 |url-status= live }}</ref>) in Buenos Aires, in 1999.

[[Ingemar Henry Lundquist]] invented the over-the-wire balloon catheter that is now used in the majority of angioplasty procedures in the world.<ref>{{cite web
 |url          = http://patents.com/us-4332254.html
 |title        = System for filling and inflating and deflating a vascular dilating cathether assembly
 |work         = patents.com
 |access-date  = July 8, 2013
 |archive-date = March 13, 2016
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160313104829/http://patents.com/us-4332254.html
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref>

A subset of angioplasty, known as excimer laser coronary angioplasty, uses [[excimer laser]]s to remove small amounts of tissue, including undilatable and uncrossable lesions, in the artery in order to allow the balloon to more effectively compress plaque into the artery walls.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Linsker R, Srinivasan R, Wynne JJ, Alonso DR | title = Far-ultraviolet laser ablation of atherosclerotic lesions | journal = Lasers in Surgery and Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 201–206 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6472033 | doi = 10.1002/lsm.1900040212 | s2cid = 12827770 }}</ref> Such work was first developed in 1984 following earlier work in 1980–1983, when [[Rangaswamy Srinivasan]], [[Samuel Blum]] and [[James J. Wynne]] at [[IBM]]'s [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center|T. J. Watson Research Center]] observed the effect of the ultraviolet excimer laser on biological materials. Intrigued, they investigated further, finding that the laser made clean, precise cuts that would be ideal for delicate surgeries.  This resulted in a fundamental patent<ref>{{Ref patent|country=US|number=4784135|title=Far ultraviolet surgical and dental procedures|gdate=1988-10-15}}</ref> and Srinivasan, Blum and Wynne were elected to the [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] in 2002. In 2012, the team members were honored with [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] by the [[President of The United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]] for their work related to the excimer laser.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-12-21 |title=IBM News Release |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/39829.wss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231063032/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/39829.wss |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 31, 2012 |access-date=21 December 2012 |publisher=IBM}}</ref> Robert Ginsburg deployed the first used of excimer laser coronary angioplasty in 1984 on a patient with severe stenosis of the deep femoral artery and a threatened limb.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ginsburg R, Kim DS, Guthaner D, Toth J, Mitchell RS | title = Salvage of an ischemic limb by laser angioplasty: description of a new technique | journal = Clinical Cardiology | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–58 | date = January 1984 | pmid = 6705289 | doi = 10.1002/clc.4960070112 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
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