Editing Aleppo (section)

====Mamluk period====
[[File:Souk Al Zirb Aleppo.jpg|thumb|Souq az-Zirb, where coins were struck during the Mamluk period]]
In September 1260, the Egyptian Mamluks negotiated for a treaty with the Franks of Acre which allowed them to pass through Crusader territory unmolested, and engaged the Mongols at the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] on 3 September 1260. The Mamluks won a decisive victory, killing the Mongols' Nestorian Christian general [[Kitbuqa]], and five days later they had retaken Damascus. Aleppo was recovered by the Muslims within a month, and a Mamluk governor placed to govern the city. Hulagu sent troops to try to recover Aleppo in December. They were able to massacre a large number of Muslims in retaliation for the death of Kitbuqa, but after a fortnight could make no other progress and had to retreat.{{sfn|Runciman|1987|p=314}}

[[File:Al-Atroush Mosque, Aleppo.jpg|thumb|[[Al-Otrush Mosque]] of the Mamluk period]]
The Mamluk governor of the city became insubordinate to the central Mamluk authority in Cairo, and in Autumn 1261 the Mamluk leader [[Baibars]] sent an army to reclaim the city. In October 1271, the Mongols led by general [[Samagar]] took the city again, attacking with 10,000 horsemen from [[Anatolia]], and defeating the [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turcoman]] troops who were defending Aleppo. The Mamluk garrisons fled to [[Hama]], until Baibars came north again with his main army, and the Mongols retreated.{{sfn|Runciman|1987|pp=336–337}}

On 20 October 1280, the Mongols took the city again, pillaging the markets and burning the mosques.{{sfn|Burns|2016|p=179}} The Muslim inhabitants fled for Damascus, where the Mamluk leader [[Qalawun]] assembled his forces. When his army advanced following the [[Second Battle of Homs]] in October 1281, the Mongols again retreated, back across the [[Euphrates]]. In October 1299, [[Ghazan]] captured the city, joined by his vassal Armenian King [[Hethum II, King of Armenia|Hethum II]], whose forces included some [[Knights Templar|Templars]] and [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitallers]].{{sfn|Demurger|2007|p=142}}

In 1400, the Mongol-Turkic leader [[Timur|Tamerlane]] [[Sack of Aleppo (1400)|captured the city]] again from the Mamluks.{{sfn|Runciman|1987|p=463}} He massacred many of the inhabitants, ordering the building of a tower of 20,000 skulls outside the city.<ref>[http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Battle%20of%20Aleppo Battle of Aleppo@Everything2.com<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131348/https://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Battle%20of%20Aleppo |date=17 January 2018 }}.</ref> After the withdrawal of the Mongols, all the Muslim population returned to Aleppo. On the other hand, Christians who left the city during the Mongol invasion, were unable to resettle back in their own quarter in the old town, a fact that led them to establish a new neighbourhood in 1420, built at the northern suburbs of Aleppo outside the city walls, to become known as ''[[Al-Jdayde|al-Jdeydeh]]'' quarter ("new district" {{langx|ar|جديدة|link=no}}).