Editing Acetaldehyde (section)

===Dangers===
====Toxicity====
Many serious cases of acute intoxication have been recorded.<ref name=Ull/> Acetaldehyde naturally breaks down in the human body.<ref name=chem/><ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 2719768
| year = 1989
| last1 = Tsukamoto
| first1 = S
| title = Determinations of ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetate in blood and urine during alcohol oxidation in man
| journal = Alcohol and Alcoholism
| volume = 24
| issue = 2
| pages = 101–8
| last2 = Muto
| first2 = T
| last3 = Nagoya
| first3 = T
| last4 = Shimamura
| first4 = M
| last5 = Saito
| first5 = M
| last6 = Tainaka
| first6 = H
| doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044872
}}</ref>

====Irritation====
Acetaldehyde is an irritant of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, throat, and respiratory tract. This occurs at concentrations as low as 1000 ppm. Symptoms of exposure to this compound include [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], and [[headache]]. These symptoms may not happen immediately. The [[perception]] threshold for acetaldehyde in air is in the range between 0.07 and 0.25 ppm.<ref name=Ull/> At such concentrations, the [[fruit]]y [[odor]] of acetaldehyde is apparent. [[Conjunctiva]]l irritations have been observed after a 15-minute exposure to concentrations of 25 and 50 ppm, but transient conjunctivitis and irritation of the [[Respiratory system|respiratory]] tract have been reported after exposure to 200 ppm acetaldehyde for 15 minutes.

====Carcinogenicity====
Acetaldehyde is [[carcinogenic]] in humans.<ref name="Chemical Summary For Acetaldehyde">[http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/s_acetal.txt Chemical Summary For Acetaldehyde], US Environmental Protection Agency</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/sccp/documents/out275_en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/sccp/documents/out275_en.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title= Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers Concerning Acetaldehyde  |author= Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products|date=2004-05-25 |page=11|access-date=2011-09-28}}</ref> In 1988 the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] stated, "There is ''sufficient'' evidence for the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde (the major metabolite of ethanol) in [[experimental animal]]s."<ref name="International1988">{{Cite book |title=Alcohol drinking |publisher=[[World Health Organization]], [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] |location=Lyon |year=1988 |isbn=978-92-832-1244-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/alcoholdrinking0044iarc |author=International Agency for Rescarch on Cancer, World Health Organization. |url-access=registration }} p3</ref> In October 2009 the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] updated the classification of acetaldehyde stating that acetaldehyde included in and generated [[endogenous]]ly from [[alcoholic beverage]]s is a Group I human carcinogen.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Secretan B, Straif K, Baan R, Grosse Y, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet L, Cogliano V |title=A review of human carcinogens—Part E: tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish |journal=Lancet Oncol |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1033–4 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19891056 |doi=10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70326-2 }}</ref> In addition, acetaldehyde is damaging to [[DNA]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 3389666
| year = 1988
| last1 = Lambert
| first1 = B
| title = DNA and chromosome damage induced by acetaldehyde in human lymphocytes in vitro
| journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
| volume = 534
| issue = 1
| pages = 369–76
| last2 = He
| first2 = S. M.
| bibcode = 1988NYASA.534..369L |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb30124.x | s2cid = 22732731
}}</ref> and causes abnormal muscle development as it binds to proteins.<ref name="Nicholas2004">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/alcalc/agh085| pmid = 15304379| title = Acetaldehyde-Induced Cardiac Contractile Dysfunction May Be Alleviated by Vitamin B1 but Not by Vitamins B6 or B12| journal = Alcohol and Alcoholism| volume = 39| issue = 5| pages = 450–4| year = 2004| last1 = Aberle | first1 = N. S.| last2 = Burd| first2 = L| last3 = Zhao| first3 = B. H.| last4 = Ren| first4 = J| doi-access = free}}</ref>

====DNA crosslinks====
Acetaldehyde induces DNA interstrand crosslinks, a form of DNA damage. These can be repaired by either of two replication-coupled DNA repair pathways.<ref name="Hodskinson2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hodskinson MR, Bolner A, Sato K, Kamimae-Lanning AN, Rooijers K, Witte M, Mahesh M, Silhan J, Petek M, Williams DM, Kind J, Chin JW, Patel KJ, Knipscheer P |title=Alcohol-derived DNA crosslinks are repaired by two distinct mechanisms |journal=Nature |volume=579 |issue=7800 |pages=603–8 |date=March 2020 |pmid=32132710 |pmc=7116288 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2059-5 }}</ref>  The first is referred to as the FA pathway, because it employs gene products defective in [[Fanconi's anemia]] patients.  This repair pathway results in increased mutation frequency and altered mutational spectrum.<ref name = Hodskinson2020/>  The second repair pathway requires replication fork convergence, breakage of the acetaldehyde crosslink, translesion synthesis by a Y-family DNA polymerase and homologous recombination.<ref name = Hodskinson2020/>