Editing Xenophobia (section)

=== Asia ===
{{Main|Racism in Asia|||}}

==== Bhutan ====
{{See also|Ethnic cleansing in Bhutan|Bhutanese refugees}}
In 1991–92, [[Bhutan]] is said to have deported between 10,000 and 100,000 ethnic Nepalis ([[Lhotshampa]]). The actual number of refugees who were initially deported is debated by both sides. In March 2008, this population began a multiyear resettlement in third countries including the U.S, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=77513 |title=IRIN Asia – NEPAL-BHUTAN: Bhutan questions identity of 107,000 refugees in Nepal – Nepal – Refugees/IDPs |date=30 March 2008 |agency=IRIN |access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>

==== China ====
{{main|Racism in China}}

=====The Boxers=====
{{Main|Boxer Rebellion}}
The [[Boxer Rebellion]] was a violent anti-foreign, [[Persecution of Christians#China|anti-Christian]], and [[anti-imperialist]] uprising which occurred in China between 1899 and 1901. It was led by a new group, the ‘Militia United in Righteousness', the group was popularly known as the ''[[Boxers (group)|Boxers]]'' because many of its members had practiced [[Chinese martial arts]], at the time, these martial arts were popularly referred to as Chinese Boxing.  After China's defeat in war by Japan in 1895, villagers in North China feared the expansion of [[Spheres of influence#China|foreign spheres of influence]] and resented the extension of privileges to Christian missionaries. In a severe drought, Boxer violence spread across [[Shandong]] and the [[North China Plain]], destroying foreign property, attacking or murdering Christian missionaries and [[Christianity in China|Chinese Christians]]. In June 1900, Boxer fighters, convinced that they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on [[Beijing]], and their slogan was "Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners." Diplomats, missionaries, soldiers and some Chinese Christians took refuge in the diplomatic [[Beijing Legation Quarter|Legation Quarter]]. They were besieged for 55 days by the Imperial Army of the Chinese government and the Boxers. George Makari says that the Boxers, "promoted a violent [[hatred]] of all those from other lands and made no effort to distinguish the beneficent from the rapacious ones.... They were unabashedly xenophobic."<ref>George Makari, ''Of Fear and Strangers: A History of Xenophobia'' (2021), pp 70–71.</ref> The Boxers were overthrown by an [[Eight Nation Alliance]] of American, Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Russian troops—20,000 in all—that invaded China to lift the siege in August 1900.  The allies imposed the [[Boxer Protocol]] in 1901, with a massive annual cash indemnity to be paid by the Chinese government. The episode generated worldwide attention and denunciation of xenophobia.<ref>Makari, ''Of Fear and Strangers: A History of Xenophobia'' (2021), ch 4, 5.</ref><ref>Paul A. Cohen, '' History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth'' (1998).</ref>

===== Chinese nationalism and xenophobia =====
Historian [[Mary C. Wright]] has argued that the combination of [[Chinese nationalism]] and xenophobia had a major impact on the Chinese worldview in the first half of the 20th century. Examining the bitterness and hatred which existed towards [[Americans]] and [[Demographics of Europe|Europeans]] in the decades before the [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Communist takeover in 1949]], she argues:<blockquote>The crude fear of the white peril that the [[Qing dynasty|last imperial dynasty]] had been able to exploit in the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 had been submerged but not overcome, and expanding special privileges of foreigners were irritants in increasingly wide spheres of Chinese life. These fears and irritations provided a mass sounding board for what otherwise might have been rather arid denunciations of imperialists. It is well to remember that both Nationalists and Communists have struck this note.<ref>Mary C.  Wright, "Modern China in Transition, 1900–1950." ''The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 321.1 (1959): 1–8, at p. 3.</ref><ref>In further support see Donald Gillin, "China and the Foreigner, 1911 to 1950." ''South Atlantic Quarterly'' 58 (1969): 208–219.</ref></blockquote>

=====COVID-19=====
In China, xenophobia against non-Chinese residents has been inflamed by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China]], with foreigners being described as "foreign garbage" and targeted for "disposal".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Walden |first1=Max |last2=Yang |first2=Samuel |name-list-style=vanc |date=9 April 2020 |title=As coronavirus sparks anti-Chinese racism, xenophobia rises in China itself |work=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-09/coronavirus-intensifies-anti-foreigner-sentiment-in-china/12128224}}</ref> Some [[Africans in Guangzhou|black people in China]]<!-- Ghanaians, Nigerians, Ugandans --> were evicted from their homes by police and told to leave China within 24 hours, due to disinformation that they and other foreigners were spreading the virus.<ref>{{cite web |last=Asiedu |first=Kwasi Gyamfi |name-list-style=vanc |date=11 April 2020 |title=After enduring months of lockdown, Africans in China are being targeted and evicted from apartments |url=https://qz.com/africa/1836510/africans-in-china-being-evicted-from-homes-after-lockdown-ends/ |website=[[Quartz Africa]]}}</ref> Expressions of Chinese xenophobia and discriminatory practices, such as the exclusion of black customers from restaurants, were criticized by foreign governments and members of the diplomatic corps.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marsh |first1=Jenni | name-list-style = vanc |title=Beijing faces a diplomatic crisis after reports of mistreatment of Africans in China causes outrage |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/13/asia/china-guangzhou-african-blacklash-hnk-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2020 |title='No blacks': Evicted, harassed and targeted in China for their race amid coronavirus |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-04-16/china-coronavirus-black-african-evictions |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

===== Hong Kong =====
Black people in Hong Kong have experienced negative comments and instances of discrimination in the job market and on public transport.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lam Cho Wai |date=22 April 2018 |title=Crossing Divides: Africans fight Hong Kong prejudice with football |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-43470709}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chermaine Lee and Miguel Candela |date=2 August 2020 |title=What it's like to be black and African in Hong Kong |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3095154/what-its-be-black-and-african-hong-kong-there |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109201701/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3095154/what-its-be-black-and-african-hong-kong-there |archive-date=9 November 2021 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> Expats and South Asian minorities have faced increased xenophobia during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lau |first=Jessie |date=22 January 2022 |title=In Hong Kong, COVID-19 and Racism Make an Ugly Mix |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/in-hong-kong-covid-19-and-racism-make-an-ugly-mix/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506124142/https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/in-hong-kong-covid-19-and-racism-make-an-ugly-mix/ |archive-date=6 May 2022 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Patrick Blennerhassett]] |date=15 March 2021 |title=Covid-19 shaming and racism in Hong Kong needs to stop as gyms find themselves unfairly in the crosshairs |url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/hong-kong/article/3125389/covid-19-shaming-and-racism-hong-kong-needs-stop-gyms-find |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801233404/https://www.scmp.com/sport/hong-kong/article/3125389/covid-19-shaming-and-racism-hong-kong-needs-stop-gyms-find |archive-date=1 August 2021 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

===== Persecution of Uighurs =====
{{Main|Persecution of Uyghurs in China}}

Since 2017, China has come under intense international criticism for its treatment of one million Muslims (the majority of them are [[Uyghurs]], a Turkic ethnic minority mostly in [[Xinjiang]]) who are being held in [[Xinjiang internment camps|detention camps]] without any legal process.<ref name="indy">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2019 |title='Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422051855/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html |archive-date=22 April 2020 |access-date=27 April 2020 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="hrw._UN:U">{{Cite web|date=10 July 2019|title=UN: Unprecedented Joint Call for China to End Xinjiang Abuses|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/10/un-unprecedented-joint-call-china-end-xinjiang-abuses|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217070044/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/10/un-unprecedented-joint-call-china-end-xinjiang-abuses|archive-date=17 December 2019|access-date=18 December 2020|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Critics of the policy have described it as the [[Sinicization]] of Xinjiang and some have also called it an [[ethnocide]] or a [[cultural genocide]].<ref name="indy" /><ref>JoanneSmith Finley,  "Why scholars and activists increasingly fear a Uyghur genocide in Xinjiang." ''Journal of Genocide Research'' 23.3 (2021): 348–370.</ref>

==== Indonesia ====
{{Main|Racism in Indonesia|Papua conflict|Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians}}

A number of discriminatory laws against [[Chinese Indonesian#Post-independence and New Order Era|Chinese Indonesians]] were enacted by the government of [[Indonesia]]. In 1959, President [[Sukarno]] approved [[PP 10/1959]] that forced Chinese Indonesians to close their businesses in rural areas and relocate into urban areas. Moreover, political pressures in the 1970s and 1980s restricted the role of the Chinese Indonesian in politics, academics, and the military. As a result, they were thereafter constrained professionally to becoming entrepreneurs and professional managers in trade, manufacturing, and banking. In 1998, [[May 1998 riots of Indonesia|Indonesia riots]] over higher food prices and rumors of hoarding by merchants and shopkeepers often degenerated into anti-Chinese attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2016 |title=Jakarta's violent identity crisis: behind the vilification of Chinese-Indonesians |url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/nov/25/jakarta-chinese-indonesians-governor-ahok |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schonhardt |first=Sara |date=26 November 2016 |title=In Indonesia, Fears Rise Among Ethnic Chinese Amid Blasphemy Probe |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/in-indonesia-fears-rise-among-ethnic-chinese-amid-blasphemy-probe-1480161601 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220213045340/https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-indonesia-fears-rise-among-ethnic-chinese-amid-blasphemy-probe-1480161601 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |access-date=1 May 2022 }}</ref>

Native [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuans]] in the country have faced racism,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewi |first=Karina Utami |date=10 June 2020 |title=Comparing Black Lives Matter in the US and Papuan Lives Matter in Indonesia, what are the similarities and differences? |url=http://theconversation.com/comparing-black-lives-matter-in-the-us-and-papuan-lives-matter-in-indonesia-what-are-the-similarities-and-differences-140346 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Paddock |first=Richard C. |date=12 December 2020 |title='Free Papua Movement' Intensifies Amid Escalating Violence |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/12/world/asia/west-papua-independence.html |access-date=30 April 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and several reports have accused Indonesia of committing a "[[Slow genocide|slow-motion genocide]]" in [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Rochelle |date=22 October 2015 |title=West Papuan women left isolated and beset by violence under Indonesian rule |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/oct/22/west-papua-women-indonesian-rule-violence |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Webb-Gannon |first1=Camellia |last2=Elmslie |first2=Jim |last3=Kareni |first3=Ronny |date=27 May 2021 |title=West Papua is on the verge of another bloody crackdown |url=http://theconversation.com/west-papua-is-on-the-verge-of-another-bloody-crackdown-161272 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |language=en |publication-place=[[University of Wollongong]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NAJ Taylor |date=19 October 2011 |title=West Papua: A history of exploitation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/10/19/west-papua-a-history-of-exploitation |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jed Smith |date=25 April 2017 |title=The West Papuan Warriors Are A Rugby League Team Trying To Stop A Genocide |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-west-papuan-warriors-are-a-rugby-league-team-trying-to-stop-a-genocide/ |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2016 |title=Slow-motion genocide for West Papua ethnic minorities and Christians |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Slow-motion-genocide-for-West-Papua-ethnic-minorities-and-Christians-36902.html |website=[[Asianews.it]] |language=en}}</ref> Hostility towards the LGBT community has been recently reported,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stapleton |first=Dan F. |date=11 August 2017 |title=Will hardline Islamic attitudes stop Lombok becoming the 'new Bali'? |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d2c24350-7910-11e7-a3e8-60495fe6ca71 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220422045550/https://www.ft.com/content/d2c24350-7910-11e7-a3e8-60495fe6ca71 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |access-date=1 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=STEPHEN WRIGHT |date=13 February 2019 |title=Gay Muslim comic gone from Instagram after Indonesia warning |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/instagram-removes-gay-muslim-comics-indonesia-warning-61040747 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en}}</ref> especially in [[Aceh]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |last=[[Suroosh Alvi]] |title=This Is What Life Is Like Under Sharia Law with Suroosh Alvi |date=1 February 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SPkw-1_rb0 |publisher=[[Vice on HBO]] |language=en |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Saeed Kamali Dehghan]] |date=24 September 2014 |title=Indonesia's Aceh province debates public floggings for homosexuality |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/24/indonesia-aceh-homosexuality-gay-flogging |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Japan ====
{{Main|Xenophobia in Japan|}}

During its Edo period, Japan had successfully isolated itself from the outside world, allowing anti-foreign sentiments and myths to multiply unchecked by actual observation.<ref>Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, ''Anti-Foreignism & Western Learning in Early-Modern Japan: The 'New Theses' of 1825'' (1986).</ref> In 2005, a United Nations report expressed concerns about racism in Japan and it also stated that the government's recognition of the depth of the problem was not total.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unic.or.jp/new/pr05-057-E.htm |title=Press Conference by Mr Doudou Diène, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights |access-date=5 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329065052/http://www.unic.or.jp/new/pr05-057-E.htm |archive-date=29 March 2007 }}</ref><ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4671687.stm "Japan racism 'deep and profound".] ''[[BBC News]]'' (11 July 2005). Retrieved 5 January 2007.</ref> The author of the report, [[Doudou Diène]] ([[United Nations Special Rapporteur|Special Rapporteur]] of the [[UN Commission on Human Rights]]), concluded after a nine-day investigation that racial discrimination and xenophobia in Japan primarily affected three groups: [[Ethnic issues in Japan#Japanese minorities|national minorities]], [[Dekasegi|Latin Americans of Japanese descent]], mainly [[Japanese Brazilians]], and foreigners from poor countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imadr.org/geneva/2006/G0610396.pdf |title='Overcoming "Marginalization" and "Invisibility"', International Movement against all forms of Discrimination and Racism |access-date=5 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214115324/http://imadr.org/geneva/2006/G0610396.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=14 December 2006}}</ref> Surveys conducted in 2017 and 2019 have shown that 40 to nearly 50% of the foreigners who were surveyed have experienced some form of discrimination.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/17/national/social-issues/half-foreign-nationals-tokyo-experience-discrimination-survey-shows/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418140606/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/17/national/social-issues/half-foreign-nationals-tokyo-experience-discrimination-survey-shows/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2019|title=Half of foreign nationals in Tokyo experience discrimination, survey shows|date=17 April 2019|work=The Japan Times|access-date=13 December 2019|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/JPN/INT_CERD_NGO_JPN_31918_E.pdf|title=Joint Civil Society Report on Racial Discrimination in Japan (page 33)|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003330/https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%2520Documents/JPN/INT_CERD_NGO_JPN_31918_E.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another report has also noted differences in how the media and some Japanese treat visitors from the West as compared to those from East Asia, with the latter being viewed much less positively than the former.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japanpolicyforum.jp/society/pt20171130025011.html|title=Issues related to the increase in tourists visiting Japan from abroad ('How foreign tourists are portrayed' and 'Acts of hate?' sections)|website=japanpolicyforum.jp|access-date=13 December 2019|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115230255/https://www.japanpolicyforum.jp/society/pt20171130025011.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Japan accepted just 16 [[refugees]] in 1999, while the United States took in 85,010 for resettlement, according to the UNHCR. New Zealand, which is 30 times smaller than Japan, accepted 1,140 refugees in 1999. Just 305 persons were recognized as refugees by Japan from 1981, when Japan ratified the UN [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees]], to 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2003_Feb_24/ai_98002254 |title=Japan's refugee policy |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=16 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216094857/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2003_Feb_24/ai_98002254 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwanami.co.jp/jpworld/text/ClosedCountry01.html |title=Questioning Japan's 'Closed Country' Policy on Refugees |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413083037/http://www.iwanami.co.jp/jpworld/text/ClosedCountry01.html |archive-date=13 April 2015 }}</ref> Former Prime Minister [[Taro Aso]] called Japan a "one race" nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/member.html?nn20051018a7_htm=|title=Aso says Japan is nation of 'one race' – The Japan Times Online|date=19 May 2007}}{{dead link|date=November 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A 2019 [[Ipsos]] poll also suggested that Japanese respondents had a relatively lower sympathy for refugees compared to most other countries in the survey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2019-06/World-Refugee-Day-2019-Ipsos.pdf|title=Global attitudes towards refugees (page 5)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipsos.com/en/global-attitudes-towards-refugees|title=Global attitudes towards refugees|website=Ipsos|language=en|access-date=13 December 2019|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003259/https://www.ipsos.com/en/global-attitudes-towards-refugees|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sharon Yoon and Yuki Asahina argue that [[Zaitokukai]], a right-wing organization, succeeded in framing Korean minorities as undeserving recipients of Japanese welfare benefits. Even as Zaitokukai declined, the perceptions of a Korean internal threat powerfully influences public fears.<ref>Sharon J. Yoon, and Yuki Asahina, "The Rise and Fall of Japan's New Far Right: How Anti-Korean Discourses Went Mainstream." ''Politics & Society'' 49.3 (2021): 363–402 [https://www.academia.edu/download/68635831/The_Rise_of_Japan_s_New_Far_Right.pdf online]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.</ref>

==== Malaysia ====
{{Main|Xenophobia in Malaysia|Racism in Malaysia}}
The racial tension between the dominant poor [[Malaysian Malays|Malay Muslims]] and the minority wealthier Chinese has long characterized Malaysia. It was a major factor in the [[History of Singapore|separation of Singapore in 1965]] to become an independent, primarily Chinese nation.  Amy L. Freedman points to the electoral system, the centrality of ethnic parties, gerrymandering, and systematic discrimination against the Chinese in education and jobs as critical factors in xenophobia. Recently the goal of creating a more inclusive national identity has been emphasized.<ref>Amy L. Freedman, "The effect of government policy and institutions on Chinese overseas acculturation: The case of Malaysia." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 35.2 (2001): 411–440.</ref>

In Malaysia, xenophobia occurs regardless of race. Most xenophobia is towards foreign labourers, who normally came from Indonesia, [[Bangladesh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/02/uproar-over-intake-of-bangladeshi-workers-exposes-xenophobia-in-malaysia/|title=Uproar over intake of Bangladeshi workers exposes rampant xenophobia in Malaysia|website=asiancorrespondent.com|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042442/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/02/uproar-over-intake-of-bangladeshi-workers-exposes-xenophobia-in-malaysia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/08/27/nyt-malaysia-has-xenophobia-towards-africans/|title=NYT: Malaysia has xenophobia towards Africans|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029215257/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/08/27/nyt-malaysia-has-xenophobia-towards-africans/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is also a significant degree of xenophobia towards neighbouring Singaporeans and Indonesians.

==== South Korea ====
{{Main|Racism in South Korea}}
Xenophobia in South Korea has been recognized by scholars and the United Nations as a widespread social problem.<ref name=Park>{{citation |title=Foreigners or multicultural citizens? Press media's construction of immigrants in South Korea |first=Keumjae |last=Park |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |year=2014 |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=1565–1586 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2012.758860|s2cid=144943847 }}</ref> An increase in [[immigration to South Korea]] since the 2000s catalyzed more overt expressions of racism, as well as criticism of those expressions.<ref name=Park /><ref name="PMID 27430432" /> Newspapers have frequently reported on and criticized discrimination against immigrants, in forms such as being paid lower than the [[minimum wage]], having their wages withheld, unsafe work conditions, physical abuse, or general denigration.<ref name=Park />

After 2010, xenophobia became increasingly prevalent in the widely used social media. Jiyeon Kang reports a common pattern scapegoating dark-skinned migrants by gender, race and class. They are presented as accomplices and beneficiaries of the elite coalition allegedly taking traditional rights away from South Korean male citizens.<ref>Jiyeon Kang, "Reconciling progressivism and xenophobia through scapegoating: anti-multiculturalism in South Korea's online forums." ''Critical Asian Studies'' 52.1 (2020): 87–108.</ref>

In a 2010–2014 [[World Values Survey]], 44.2% of South Koreans reported they would not want an immigrant or foreign worker as a neighbor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp?WAVE=6&COUNTRY=875|title=WVS Database|website=worldvaluessurvey.org}}</ref><ref name="PMID 27430432">{{citation |title=Don't ask for fair treatment? A gender analysis of ethnic discrimination, response to discrimination, and self-rated health among marriage migrants in South Korea |first1=Yugyun |last1=Kim |first2=Inseo |last2=Son |first3=Dainn |last3=Wie|display-authors=etal |date=19 July 2016 |journal=International Journal for Equity in Health |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=112 |doi=10.1186/s12939-016-0396-7 |pmid=27430432 |pmc=4949882 |quote=The recent increased influx of immigrants in Korea has ignited racism among Korean natives, which is heightened by economic and cultural nationalism [6]. For example, more than 40 % of Koreans answered that they would not want a foreigner as their neighborhood, based on the recent World Values Survey (2010–2014) [9]. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Racist attitudes are more commonly expressed towards immigrants from other Asian countries and Africa, and less so towards European and white North American immigrants who can occasionally receive what has been described as "overly kind treatment".<ref name=Park /><ref name=Campbell>{{citation |title=The end of ethnic nationalism? Changing conceptions of national identity and belonging among young South Koreans |last=Campbell |first=Emma |year=2015 |journal=Nations & Nationalism |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=483–502 |doi=10.1111/nana.12120}}</ref> Related discrimination have also been reported with regards to mixed-race children, [[Koreans in China|Chinese Korean]], and North Korean immigrants.<ref name=Campbell />

==== Philippines ====
{{Main|Xenophobia in the Philippines}}
{{Blank section|date=February 2023}}

==== Thailand ====
{{Main|Racism in Thailand}}
[[File:Anti Arab sign in Pattaya Beach Thailand.jpg|thumb|[[Anti-Arabism|Anti-Arab]] sign in [[Pattaya Beach]], Thailand]]
There are no laws within the Kingdom of Thailand which criminalize racial discrimination and the use of racist cliches. Unlike neighboring nations which were [[colonialism|colonized]], Thailand's history as an uncolonized state further shaped its existing laws.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Anti-refugee sentiment has been significant in Thailand, with a 2016 [[Amnesty International]] survey indicating that 74% of surveyed Thais do not believe (to varying degrees) that people should be able to take refuge in other countries to escape war or persecution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ACT3041002016ENGLISH.PDF|title=Refugees Welcome Survey 2016|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204111451/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ACT3041002016ENGLISH.PDF|url-status=dead}}</ref>