Editing Wine (section)

=== Viticulture ===
{{Main|Viticulture}}
{{See also|List of grape varieties}}
[[File:Moldova_Competitiveness_Project,_USAID_Moldova_(48121804303).jpg|thumb|right|Grape vineyard in Moldova.]]

Wine is usually made from one or more [[Variety (biology)|varieties]] of the European [[species]] ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'',<ref name="robinson2003pp96-97">{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Jancis |title=Jancis Robinson's Wine Course: A Guide to the World of Wine |date=2003 |publisher=Abbeville Press |isbn=978-0-7892-0883-5 |pages=96–97 |ol=8153962M}}</ref> such as [[Pinot noir]], [[Chardonnay]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] and [[Sauvignon blanc]]. Most of the world's vineyards are planted with European ''Vitis vinifera'' vines that have been grafted onto North American species' rootstock, a common practice due to their resistance to [[phylloxera]], a root louse that eventually kills the vine.<ref name="robinson2003pp96-97" />

In the context of wine production, {{lang|fr|[[terroir]]}} is a concept that encompasses the varieties of grapes used, elevation and shape of the vineyard, type and chemistry of soil, climate and seasonal conditions, and the local yeast cultures.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fraga|first1=Helder|last2=Malheiro|first2=Aureliano C.|last3=Moutinho-Pereira|first3=José|last4=Cardoso|first4=Rita M.|last5=Soares|first5=Pedro M. M.|last6=Cancela|first6=Javier J.|last7=Pinto|first7=Joaquim G.|last8=Santos|first8=João A.|last9=Álvarez|first9=Inés| display-authors = 8|title=Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in Iberian Viticultural Regions|journal=PLOS ONE|date=24 September 2014|volume=9|issue=9|pages=e108078|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108078|pmid=25251495|pmc=4176712|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8078F|doi-access=free}}</ref> The range of possible combinations of these factors can result in great differences among wines, influencing the fermentation, finishing, and aging processes as well. Many wineries use growing and production methods that preserve or accentuate the [[aroma (wine)|aroma]] and taste influences of their unique {{lang|fr|terroir}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Hugh |author2=Jancis Robinson |title=The World Atlas of Wine |date=13 September 2001 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |isbn=978-1-84000-332-1 |pages=22–23}}</ref> However, flavor differences are less desirable for producers of mass-market [[table wine]] or other cheaper wines, where consistency takes precedence. Such producers try to minimize differences in sources of grapes through production techniques such as [[micro-oxygenation]], tannin filtration, cross-flow filtration, thin-film evaporation, and spinning cones.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://winegeeks.com/articles/85 |title=High Alcohol is a Wine Fault... Not a Badge of Honor |access-date=25 June 2008 |last=Citriglia |first=Matthew |date=14 May 2006 |publisher=GeekSpeak, LLC |archive-date=5 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505010850/http://winegeeks.com/articles/85 |url-status=live}}</ref>