Editing Willow (section)

===Others===
[[File:Salix cinerea flowers-2.jpg|thumb|Male catkin of ''[[Salix cinerea]]'' with bee]]
[[File:Willow tree in spring, England.JPG|thumb|Willow tree in spring, England]]
[[File:Willow species with Honeysuckle woodbine.JPG|thumb|Willow tree with [[Lonicera periclymenum|woodbine honeysuckle]]]]
[[File:Sandworm by Marco Casagrande @ Wenduine, Belgium.jpg|thumb|Art installation "[[Sandworm (installation)|Sandworm]]" in the Wenduine Dunes, Belgium, made entirely out of willow]]

* '''Warfare''': Willow wood were used by the British to make parachute baskets throughout [[World War II]]. Being light and strong, they could be made in any shape and bounced on impact. British production of willow baskets was about 2000 tonnes per year by some 630 manufacturers employing 7000 basket makers.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} [[Lawrence Ogilvie]] (a plant pathologist who had studied and written his 1920s [[Cambridge University]] master's degree thesis about willow diseases) worked at [[Long Ashton Research Station]], near [[Bristol]] and was much involved with these willows and their diseases.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wringtonsomerset.org.uk/archive/stottwillow.html |title=History of Willows at Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol |website=Wringtonsomerset.org.uk |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>
* '''Dyeing''': Willow is used to dye textiles, used to produce kimono. The kimono retailer [[Ginza Motoji]] hosts annual willow dyeing lessons with fifth grade students of [[Taimei Elementary School]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000006.000091730.html|title="銀座の柳"を使用した、銀座ならではの草木染 「『銀座の柳染』30周年記念展～いのちの輝き～」を銀座もとじにて開催|date=29 March 2024|website=プレスリリース・ニュースリリース配信シェアNo.1｜PR TIMES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/premier/business/articles/20180719/biz/00m/010/007000c|title=東京・銀座で「着物と柳」の伝統を継ぐ呉服店の奮闘 &#124; 地域活性化の挑戦者たち &#124; 櫻田弘文|website=毎日新聞「経済プレミア」}}</ref>
* '''Art''': Willow is used to make [[Charcoal#Art|charcoal]] (for drawing)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Best Vine and Willow Charcoal for New Effects on the Page |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/product-recommendations/best-vine-and-willow-charcoal-1202689928/ |website=artnews.com |date=7 May 2021 |publisher=Art News |access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref> as well as living sculptures, woven from live willow rods into shapes such as domes and tunnels. Willow stems are used to weave baskets and three-dimensional sculptures of animals and other figures. Willow stems are also used to create garden features, such as decorative panels and obelisks.
* '''Energy''': There have been experiments or mathematical models in using willows for [[biomass]] or [[biofuel]], in [[energy forestry]] systems, due to its fast growth.<ref>{{cite journal |title =Yield and spatial supply of bioenergy poplar and willow short-rotation coppice in the UK |journal =New Phytologist | volume =178 | issue =2 | pages =358–370 | year =2008 | doi =10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02396.x |last1=Aylott |first1=Matthew J. | pmid =18331429 | last2 =Casella | first2 =E | last3 =Tubby | first3 =I | last4 =Street | first4 =NR | last5 =Smith | first5 =P | last6 =Taylor | first6 =G|s2cid =35494995 | doi-access =free |bibcode =2008NewPh.178..358A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title =Yield models for commercial willow biomass plantations in Sweden | journal =Biomass and Bioenergy | volume =32 | issue =9 | pages =829–837 | year =2008 | doi=10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.01.002 |author1=Mola-Yudego, Blas |author2=Aronsson, Pär.| bibcode =2008BmBe...32..829M }}</ref> Programs in other countries are being developed through initiatives such as the [[Willow Biomass Project]] in the US, and the Energy Coppice Project in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/srcsite/INFD-5JPEYX |title=Forestresearch.gov.uk |publisher=Forestresearch.gov.uk |access-date=2011-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308053418/http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/srcsite/INFD-5JPEYX |archive-date=8 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Willow may also be grown to produce [[charcoal]].
* '''Environment''': There has been research into possibly using willows for future [[biofiltration]] of [[wastewater]] (i.e. [[phytoremediation]] and [[land reclamation]]), although this is not commercially viable.<ref>Guidi Nissim W., Jerbi A., Lafleur B., Fluet R., Labrecque M. (2015) "Willows for the treatment of municipal wastewater: long-term performance under different irrigation rates". Ecological Engineering 81: 395–404. {{doi|10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.067}}.</ref><ref>Guidi Nissim W., Voicu A., Labrecque M. (2014) "Willow short-rotation coppice for treatment of polluted groundwater". Ecological Engineering, 62:102–114 {{doi|10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.10.005}}.</ref><ref>Guidi W., Kadri H., Labrecque L. (2012) "Establishment techniques to using willow for phytoremediation on a former oil refinery in southern-Quebec: achievements and constraints". Chemistry and Ecology, 28(1):49–64. {{doi|10.1080/02757540.2011.627857}}</ref><ref>Guidi Nissim W., Palm E., Mancuso S., Azzarello E. (2018) "Trace element phytoextraction from contaminated soil: a case study under Mediterranean climate". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, accepted {{doi|10.1007/s11356-018-1197-x}}</ref> They are used for streambank stabilisation ([[bioengineering]]), [[slope stability|slope stabilisation]], [[soil]] [[erosion]] control, shelterbelt and [[windbreak]], and wildlife habitat. Willows are often planted on the borders of streams so their interlacing roots may protect the bank against the action of the water. The roots are often larger than the stem which grows from them.
* '''Food''': Poor people at one time often ate willow catkins that had been cooked to form a mash.<ref name="Hageneder-2001">Hageneder, Fred (2001). ''The Heritage of Trees''. Edinburgh : Floris. {{ISBN|0-86315-359-3}}. p.172</ref> The inner bark can be eaten raw or cooked, as can the young leaves and underground shoots.<ref name="Angier-1974">{{Cite book|last=Angier|first=Bradford|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/248/mode/2up|title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=1974|isbn=0-8117-0616-8|location=Harrisburg, PA|pages=248|oclc=799792|author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref>