Editing Western Front (World War I) (section)

=== Nivelle Offensive ===

{{Main|Battle of Arras (1917)|Nivelle Offensive|1917 French Army mutinies}}
[[File:The Battle of Arras, April-May 1917 Q6301.jpg|thumb|Ruins of [[Arras]] in April 1917]]
The same month, the French [[Commander-in-chief]], General Robert Nivelle, ordered a new offensive against the German trenches, promising that it would end the war within 48 hours. The 16 April attack, dubbed the [[Nivelle Offensive]] (also known as the [[Second Battle of the Aisne]]), would be 1.2&nbsp;million men strong, preceded by a week-long artillery bombardment and accompanied by tanks. The offensive proceeded poorly as the French troops, with the help of two [[Russian Expeditionary Force in France|Russian brigades]], had to negotiate rough, upward-sloping terrain in extremely bad weather.{{sfn|Cockfield|1999|pp=91–114}} Planning had been dislocated by the voluntary German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line. Secrecy had been compromised and German aircraft gained air superiority, making reconnaissance difficult and in places, the creeping barrage moved too fast for the French troops.{{sfn|Uffindell|2015|p=26}} Within a week the French suffered 120,000 casualties. Despite the casualties and his promise to halt the offensive if it did not produce a breakthrough, Nivelle ordered the attack to continue into May.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|pp=99–100}}

On 3 May the weary French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Lacking the means to punish an entire division, its officers did not immediately implement harsh measures against the mutineers. [[French Army Mutinies|Mutinies]] occurred in 54 French divisions<!-- yes "54 divisions" plural, not a division number --> and 20,000 men deserted. Other entente forces attacked but suffered massive casualties.{{sfn|Lyons|2000|p=243}} Appeals to patriotism and duty followed, as did mass arrests and trials. The French soldiers returned to defend their trenches but refused to participate in further offensive action.{{sfn|Marshall|1964|p=292}} On 15 May Nivelle was removed from command, replaced by Pétain who immediately stopped the offensive.{{sfn|Neiberg|2003|p=53}} The French would go on the defensive for the following months to avoid high casualties and to restore confidence in the French High Command, while the British assumed greater responsibility.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|pp=101–102}}