Editing Vibrio cholerae (section)

==Natural genetic transformation==

''V. cholerae'' can be induced to become competent for [[transformation (genetics)|natural genetic transformation]] when grown on [[chitin]], a biopolymer that is abundant in aquatic habitats (e.g. from crustacean exoskeletons).<ref name=Meibom>{{cite journal |vauthors=Meibom KL, Blokesch M, Dolganov NA, Wu CY, Schoolnik GK |title=Chitin induces natural competence in Vibrio cholerae |journal=Science |volume=310 |issue=5755 |pages=1824–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16357262 |doi=10.1126/science.1120096 |bibcode=2005Sci...310.1824M |s2cid=31153549 }}</ref>  Natural genetic transformation is a sexual process involving DNA transfer from one bacterial cell to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by [[homologous recombination]]. Transformation competence in ''V. cholerae'' is stimulated by increasing cell density accompanied by nutrient limitation, a decline in growth rate, or stress.<ref name=Meibom />  The ''V. cholerae'' uptake machinery involves a [[natural competence|competence]]-induced [[pilus]], and a conserved DNA binding protein that acts as a ratchet to reel DNA into the cytoplasm.<ref name="pmid26614677">{{cite journal |vauthors=Matthey N, Blokesch M |title=The DNA-Uptake Process of Naturally Competent Vibrio cholerae |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=98–110 |year=2016 |pmid=26614677 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2015.10.008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=quintdaily|date=3 August 2017|title=Vibrio Cholera Starts Spreading In India – QuintDaily|url=http://quintdaily.com/2017/08/vibrio-cholera-in-india/|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918132832/https://quintdaily.com/2017/08/vibrio-cholera-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> There are two models of genetic transformation, sex hypothesis and competent bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Johnsborg|first1=O|last2=Eldholm|first2=V|last3=Ha˚varstein|first3=L|title=Natural genetic transformation: prevalence, mechanisms and function|journal= Research in Microbiology|year=2007|volume=158|issue=10|pages=767–778|doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.004|pmid=17997281|doi-access=free}}</ref>