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Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
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===Preparation=== ====Isolated vesicles==== Producing membrane vesicles is one of the methods to investigate various membranes of the cell. After the living tissue is crushed into [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]], various membranes form tiny closed bubbles. Big fragments of the crushed cells can be discarded by low-speed centrifugation and later the fraction of the known origin ([[plasmalemma]], [[tonoplast]], etc.) can be isolated by precise high-speed centrifugation in the density gradient. Using [[osmotic shock]], it is possible temporarily open vesicles (filling them with the required solution) and then centrifugate down again and resuspend in a different solution. Applying ionophores like [[valinomycin]] can create electrochemical gradients comparable to the gradients inside living cells. Vesicles are mainly used in two types of research: * To find and later isolate membrane receptors that specifically bind hormones and various other important substances.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sidhu VK, Vorhölter FJ, Niehaus K, Watt SA | title = Analysis of outer membrane vesicle associated proteins isolated from the plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris | journal = BMC Microbiology | volume = 8 | pages = 87 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18518965 | pmc = 2438364 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2180-8-87 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * To investigate transport of various ions or other substances across the membrane of the given type.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scherer GG, Martiny-Baron G |title=K+/H+ exchange transport in plantmembranevesicles is evidence for K+ transport |journal=Plant Science |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=161–8 |year=1985 |doi=10.1016/0168-9452(85)90083-4 }}</ref> While transport can be more easily investigated with [[patch clamp]] techniques, vesicles can also be isolated from objects for which a patch clamp is not applicable.
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