Editing Venice (section)

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Tourism Venice 3.svg|thumb|right|450px|The annual trend of tourism sector in Venice from 2013 to 2023 is divided by the number of presences per type of hotel establishments. The total number of presences indicates the number of nights spent by tourists in hotel establishments.]]
[[File:Lido di Jesolo 3.jpg|thumb|right|The beach of [[Lido di Venezia]]]]
[[File:Tourism on the Canal in Burano (Venice).jpg|thumb|Burano, tourist destination usually reached via vaporetto]]

Venice is an important destination for tourists who want to see its celebrated art and architecture.<ref name="britannica.com" /> The city hosts up to 60,000 tourists per day (2017 estimate). Estimates of the annual number of tourists vary from 22&nbsp;million to 30&nbsp;million.<ref name="TelegraphHaines201706">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/italy/veneto/venice/articles/venice-bans-new-hotels-as-crackdown-on-tourism-continues/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/italy/veneto/venice/articles/venice-bans-new-hotels-as-crackdown-on-tourism-continues/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Venice bans new hotels as crackdown on tourism continues |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=12 June 2017 |last1=Haines |first1=Gavin}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="IndependentBuckley201706">{{cite news |last=Buckley |first=Julia |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/venice-bans-new-hotels-authorities-tourist-crackdown-italy-a7781221.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220811/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/venice-bans-new-hotels-authorities-tourist-crackdown-italy-a7781221.html |archive-date=11 August 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Venice bans new hotels |date=9 June 2017 |website=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="GuardianUsborne201609">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2016/sep/27/dont-look-now-venice-tourists-locals-sick-of-you-cruise-liners |title=Don't look now, Venice tourists – the locals are sick of you |first=Simon |last=Usborne |newspaper=The Guardian |date=27 September 2016 |via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> This "[[overtourism]]" creates overcrowding and [[environmental impact of tourism|environmental problems]] for Venice's ecosystem. By 2017, [[UNESCO]] was considering the addition of Venice to its "In-Danger" list, which includes historical ruins in war-torn countries. To reduce the number of visitors, who are causing irreversible changes in Venice, the agency supports limiting the number of cruise ships<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/opinion/can-we-save-venice-before-its-too-late.html |title=Opinion – Can We Save Venice Before It's Too Late? |first=Salvatore |last=Settis |work=The New York Times |date=29 August 2016 |via=www.nytimes.com}}</ref> as well as implementing a strategy for more [[sustainable tourism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://veneziaautentica.com/venice-to-be-or-not-to-be-a-unesco-world-heritage-in-danger-that-is-the-question/ |title=Venice, to be or not to be a UNESCO 'World Heritage in Danger'? That is the question. |date=25 January 2017 |website=Venezia Autentica}}</ref>

Tourism has been a major part of the Venetian economy since the 18th century, when Venice – with its beautiful cityscape, uniqueness, and rich musical and artistic cultural heritage – was a stop on the [[Grand Tour]]. In the 19th century, Venice became a fashionable centre for the "rich and famous", who often stayed and dined at luxury establishments such as the Danieli Hotel and the [[Caffè Florian]], and continued to be a fashionable city into the early 20th century.<ref name="britannica.com" /> In the 1980s, the [[Carnival of Venice]] was revived; and the city has become a major centre of international conferences and festivals, such as the prestigious [[Venice Biennale]] and the [[Venice Film Festival]], which attract visitors from all over the world for their theatrical, cultural, cinematic, artistic, and musical productions.<ref name="britannica.com" />

Today, there are numerous attractions in Venice, such as [[St Mark's Basilica]], the [[Doge's Palace]], the [[Grand Canal (Venice)|Grand Canal]], and the [[Piazza San Marco]]. The [[Lido di Venezia]] is also a popular international luxury destination, attracting thousands of actors, critics, celebrities, and others in the cinematic industry. The city also relies heavily on the cruise business.<ref name="britannica.com" /> The Cruise Venice Committee has estimated that cruise ship passengers spend more than 150&nbsp;million euros (US$193&nbsp;million) annually in the city, according to a 2015 report.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mack |first=Benjamin |date=9 November 2012 |title=Tourism overwhelms vanishing Venice |url=http://www.dw.de/tourism-overwhelms-vanishing-venice/a-16364608 |website=DW.de |access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> Other reports, however, point out that such day-trippers spend relatively little in the few hours of their visits to the city.<ref name="GuardianBuckley201611" />

Venice is regarded by some as a tourist trap, and by others as a "living museum".<ref name="britannica.com" />

==== Diverting cruise ships ====
[[File:Cruiseship passing bacino San Marco Venise.jpg|thumb|Cruise ship and gondolas in the [[San Marco basin]]]]

The need to protect the city's historic environment and fragile canals, in the face of a possible loss of jobs produced by cruise tourism, has seen the Italian Transport Ministry attempt to introduce a ban on large cruise ships visiting the city. A 2013 ban would have allowed only cruise ships smaller than 40,000-gross tons to enter the [[Giudecca Canal]] and St Mark's basin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Italy to ban large cruise ships in Venice |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/11023451/Italy-to-ban-large-cruise-ships-in-Venice.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/11023451/Italy-to-ban-large-cruise-ships-in-Venice.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Daily Telegraph |date=9 August 2014 |access-date=13 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In January 2015, a regional court scrapped the ban, but some global cruise lines indicated that they would continue to respect it until a long-term solution for the protection of Venice is found.<ref>{{cite web |title=CLIA says cruise lines will continue to respect Venice cruise ship ban despite new ruling |url=http://www.cruisearabiaonline.com/News/2015/01/13/CLIA-says-cruise-lines-will-continue-to-respect-Venice-cruise-ship-ban-despite-new-ruling |website=Cruise Arabia & Africa |date=13 January 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref>

P&O Cruises removed Venice from its summer schedule; Holland America moved one of its ships from this area to Alaska; and Cunard reduced (in 2017 and further in 2018) the number of visits by its ships. As a result, the Venice Port Authority estimated an 11.4 per cent drop in cruise ships arriving in 2017 versus 2016, leading to a similar reduction in income for Venice.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/cruises/articles/cruise-ships-and-venice-what-does-it-all-mean-for-the-city/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/cruises/articles/cruise-ships-and-venice-what-does-it-all-mean-for-the-city/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Venice authorities lament lack of cruise ships as residents and Unesco fight for the city's future |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=June 2017 |last1=Archer |first1=Jane}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the Italian inter-ministerial ''Comitatone'' overseeing Venice's lagoon released an official directive in November 2017 to keep the largest cruise ships away from the Piazza San Marco and the entrance to the Grand Canal.<ref>{{cite web |title='Grandi navi a Marghera': L'atto di indirizzo del Comitatone |trans-title='Large ships to Marghera': The directive from the Comitatone |url=http://www.mit.gov.it/comunicazione/news/grandi-navi-marghera-latto-di-indirizzo-del-comitatone |date=7 November 2017 |website=Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport |language=it |access-date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330060547/http://www.mit.gov.it/comunicazione/news/grandi-navi-marghera-latto-di-indirizzo-del-comitatone |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2017 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/giant-cruise-ships-banned-from-historic-centre-of-venice-11119153 |title=Giant cruise ships banned from historic centre of Venice |website=[[Sky News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Outcome of the long-awaited Government decision on the future for cruiseships (Comitatone 7.11.2017) |url=https://weareherevenice.org/outcome-long-awaited-government-decision-future-cruiseships-comitatone-7-11-2017/ |website=We Are Here Venice |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> Ships over 55,000 tons will be required to follow a specific route through the Vittorio Emmanuele III Canal to reach [[Marghera]], an industrial area of the mainland, where a passenger terminal would be built.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cruise ship crashes into tourist boat in Venice, injuring five people |url=https://www.anglenews.com/2019/06/03/cruise-ship-crashes-into-tourist-boat-in-venice-injuring-five-people-world-news/ |date=2 June 2019 |website=Angle News |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603142509/https://www.anglenews.com/2019/06/03/cruise-ship-crashes-into-tourist-boat-in-venice-injuring-five-people-world-news/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2014, the United Nations warned the city that it may be placed on UNESCO's [[List of World Heritage in Danger]] sites unless cruise ships are banned from the canals near the historic centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO Pressures Italy to Ban Cruise Ships from Venice |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/unesco-pressures-italy-to-ban-cruise-ships-from-venice-133878 |website=Artnet News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305215242/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/unesco-pressures-italy-to-ban-cruise-ships-from-venice-133878 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |date=16 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the officials, the plan to create an alternative route for ships would require extensive dredging of the canal and the building of a new port, which would take four years, in total, to complete. However, the activist group ''No Grandi Navi'' (No big Ships), argued that the effects of pollution caused by the ships would not be diminished by the re-routing plan.<ref>{{cite news |first=Angela |last=Giuffrida |title=Venice to divert giant cruise ships away from historic centre |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/08/venice-cruise-ship-traffic-restricted-amid-concerns-over-damage-to-buildings |date=8 November 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="GuardianGiuffrida201906">{{cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |display-authors=etal |title=Cruise ship crashes into tourist boat in Venice, injuring five people |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/02/cruise-ship-crashes-into-tourist-boat-in-venice-injuring-five-people |date=2 June 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref>

Some locals continued to aggressively lobby for new methods that would reduce the number of cruise ship passengers; their estimate indicated that there are up to 30,000 such sightseers per day at peak periods,<ref name="GuardianUsborne201609" /> while others concentrate their effort on promoting a more responsible way of visiting the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/2017/08/04/ethical-travel-in-venice-tips%22 |title=Top tips for sustainable travel in Venice from local experts |first=AnneMarie |last=McCarthy |website=www.lonelyplanet.com |access-date=26 November 2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124022650/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/2017/08/04/ethical-travel-in-venice-tips%22/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> An unofficial referendum to ban large cruise ships was held in June 2017. More than 18,000 people voted at 60 polling booths set up by activists, and 17,874 favored banning large ships from the lagoon. The population of Venice at the time was about 50,000.<ref name="express.co.uk" /> The organizers of the referendum backed a plan to build a new cruise ship terminal at one of the three entrances to the [[Venetian Lagoon]]. Passengers would be transferred to the historic area in smaller boats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/residents-vote-to-ban-towering-cruise-ships-from-venice-67qvsh329 |title=Residents vote to ban towering cruise ships from Venice |first=Tom Kington |last=Rome |date=20 June 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/19/venetians-vote-ban-giant-cruise-ships-citys-lagoon/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/19/venetians-vote-ban-giant-cruise-ships-citys-lagoon/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Venetians vote to ban giant cruise ships from city's lagoon |first=Nick |last=Squires |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=19 June 2017 |via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 2 June 2019, the cruise ship ''[[MSC Opera]]'' rammed a tourist riverboat, the ''[[Uniworld|River Countess]]'', which was docked on the Giudecca Canal, injuring five people, in addition to causing property damage. The incident immediately led to renewed demands to ban large cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal,<ref>{{cite news |title=Venice crash reignites calls for cruise ship ban |work=BBC News |date=2 June 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-48489158 |access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref> including a [[Twitter]] message to that effect posted by the environment minister. The city's mayor urged authorities to accelerate the steps required for cruise ships to begin using the alternate Vittorio Emanuele canal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Standish |first=Dominic |title=Decisions Made for Venice Cruise Ships, Channel Routes and Offshore Platform |url=https://dstandish.com/2017/11/08/decisions-made-for-venice-cruise-ships-channel-routes-and-offshore-platform/ |date=8 November 2017 |website=Dstandish's Weblog |access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref> Italy's transport minister spoke of a "solution to protect both the lagoon and tourism ... after many years of inertia" but specifics were not reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=Venice crash reignites calls for cruise ship ban |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48489158 |date=2 June 2019 |website=BBC News |access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cruise ship plows into tourist boat docked in Venice |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/venice-cruise-ship-crash-1.5159159 |date=2 June 2019 |website=CBC News |agency=Associated Press |access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref> {{As of|2019|06}}, the 2017 plan to establish an alternative route for large ships, preventing them from coming near the historic area of the city, has not yet been approved.<ref name="GuardianGiuffrida201906" />

Nonetheless, the Italian government released an announcement on 7 August 2019 that it would begin rerouting cruise ships larger than 1000 tonnes away from the historic city's Giudecca Canal. For the last four months of 2019, all heavy vessels would dock at the Fusina and Lombardia terminals which are still on the lagoon but away from the central islands. By 2020, one-third of all cruise ships would be rerouted, according to Danilo Toninelli, the minister for Venice. Preparation work for the Vittorio Emanuele Canal needed to begin soon for a long-term solution, according to the Cruise Lines International Association.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sharpe |first=Olivia |date=8 August 2019 |title=Large cruise ships to be banned from Venice grand canal |url=https://www.cruisetradenews.com/large-cruise-ships-banned-venice-grand-canal/ |magazine=[[Cruise Lines International Association|Cruise Trade News]] |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Kalyan |title=Cruise Ships Banned From Venice Grand Canal, City Center After Boat Crashed Into Dock |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/cruise-ships-banned-venice-grand-canal-city-center-after-boat-crashed-dock-2811794 |date=9 August 2019 |website=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> In the long-term, space for ships would be provided at new terminals, perhaps at Chioggia or Lido San Nicolo. That plan was not imminent however, since public consultations had not yet begun. Over 1.5&nbsp;million people per year arrive in Venice on cruise ships.<ref>{{cite news |title=Venice to give cruise ships a wide berth |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6e21302e-b922-11e9-96bd-8e884d3ea203 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/6e21302e-b922-11e9-96bd-8e884d3ea203 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |date=7 August 2019 |last1=Roberts |first1=Hannah}}</ref> The Italian government decided to divert large cruise ships beginning August 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Italy bans cruise liners from Venice, after years of hesitation |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/exclusive-italy-legislate-keep-liners-out-venice-lagoon-sources-2021-07-13/ |website=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714170743/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/exclusive-italy-legislate-keep-liners-out-venice-lagoon-sources-2021-07-13/ |archive-date=14 July 2021 |date=13 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Other tourism mitigation efforts ====
[[File:Cleaning of Venetian canals, late 90's.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.65|Cleaning of canals in the late 1990s]]

Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the city switched to a new strategy in mid-2017, banning the creation of any additional hotels. Currently, there are over 24,000 hotel rooms. The ban does not affect short-term rentals in the historic centre which are causing an increase in the cost of living for the native residents of Venice.<ref name="GuardianBuckley201611" /> The city had already banned any additional fast food "take-away" outlets, to retain the historic character of the city, which was another reason for freezing the number of hotel rooms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/05/10/news/venice-italy-takeout-fast-food-tourism/index.html |title=Venice bans cheap takeout joints to keep city beautiful |last1=Petroff |first1=Alanna |last2=Di Donato |first2=Valentina |date=10 May 2017 |website=[[CNN Money]]}}</ref> Fewer than half of the millions of annual visitors stay overnight, however.<ref name="TelegraphHaines201706" /><ref name="IndependentBuckley201706" />

The city also considered a ban on wheeled suitcases, but settled for banning hard plastic wheels for transporting cargo from May 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Frank |first=Kasper |title=Turistby indfører forbud mod larmende kufferthjul |trans-title=Tourist town introduces a ban on noisy suitcases |url=http://jyllands-posten.dk/livsstil/rejser/storby/ECE7230836/Turistby-indf%EF%BF%BDrer-forbud-mod-larmende-rullekufferter/ |date=24 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125135354/http://jyllands-posten.dk/livsstil/rejser/storby/ECE7230836/Turistby-indf%EF%BF%BDrer-forbud-mod-larmende-rullekufferter/ |work=[[Jyllands-Posten]] |department=Lifestyle |archive-date=25 November 2015 |language=da |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Rio Priuli o de Santa Sofia (Venice).jpg|thumb|View from the Bridge Priuli a Santa Sofia, to the Bridge de le Vele]]
In addition to accelerating erosion of the ancient city's foundations and creating some pollution in the lagoon,<ref name="NatgeoWorrall201610" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Livesay |first=Christopher |date=25 November 2016 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/11/25/503038911/as-tourists-crowd-out-locals-venice-faces-endangered-list |title=As Tourists Crowd Out Locals, Venice Faces 'Endangered' List |newspaper=NPR}}</ref> cruise ships dropping an excessive number of day trippers can make St. Marks Square and other popular attractions too crowded to walk through during the peak season. Government officials see little value to the economy from the "eat and flee" tourists who stay for less than a day, which is typical of those from cruise ships.<ref name="express.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/836982/venice-disneyland-on-sea-tourist-ban-Italy-holiday-travel |title='It's like Disneyland-on-Sea' Now Italy says ENOUGH and plans to BAN tourists from Venice |first=Ross |last=Logan |date=4 August 2017 |website=Daily Express}}</ref>

On 28 February 2019, the Venice City Council voted in favour of a new municipal regulation requiring day-trippers visiting the historic centre, and the islands in the lagoon, to pay a new access fee. The extra revenue from the fee would be used for cleaning, maintaining security, reducing the financial burden on residents of Venice, and to "allow Venetians to live with more decorum". The new tax would be between €3 and €10 per person, depending on the expected tourist flow into the old city. The fee could be waived for certain types of travelers: including students, children under the age of 6, voluntary workers, residents of the Veneto region, and participants in sporting events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contributo di accesso a Venezia: tutte le informazioni utili |trans-title=Access fee for Venice: all useful information |url=https://live.comune.venezia.it/it/contributo-accesso-venezia-informazioni-utili |date=24 October 2019 |website=City of Venice |language=it |access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref> Overnight visitors, who already pay a "stay" tax and account for around 40% of Venice's yearly total of 28&nbsp;million visitors,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.comune.venezia.it/sites/comune.venezia.it/files/immagini/Turismo/ANNUARIO%202017.pdf |title=Tourism |website=City of Venice |date=2017 |access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> would also be exempted. The access fee was expected to come into effect in September 2019; but it was postponed, firstly, until 1 January 2020, and then, again, due to the coronavirus pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://live.comune.venezia.it/it/2019/07/contributo-di-accesso-sospesi-tutti-gli-obblighi-e-gli-adempimenti-previsti-dal-regolamento |title=Contributo di accesso: sospesi tutti gli obblighi e gli adempimenti previsti dal Regolamento in fase di revisione |trans-title=Access fee: all obligations and fulfillments set out in the Regulation currently being revised are suspended |date=16 July 2019 |website=Comune di Venezia – Live – Le notizie di oggi e i servizi della città}}</ref> The new charge of €5 started to be imposed on those tourists who are not staying overnight and came into force on 25 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |date=2024-04-24 |title=Venice access fee: what is it and how much does it cost? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/24/venice-access-fee-what-is-it-and-how-much-does-it-cost |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> It is only charged on peak visitor days, and several classes of people are exempt, including [[Veneto]] residents, hotel guests (including mainland boroughs of Venice), local workers, and students.<ref>[https://www.wbur.org/npr/1247162570/venice-entry-fee-day-trippers-tourists Venice tests a 5-euro fee for day-trippers as the city grapples with overtourism]</ref> Cell phone data showed more tourists came on fee-charged days in 2024, generating more money than expected, and leaving the city to decide whether to raise the fee for the next tourist season or try other approaches.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/20/world/europe/venice-italy-entrance-fee.html |title=To Deter Day-Trippers, Venice Tested a €5 Entrance Fee. Did Visitors Stay Away? |newspaper=The New York Times |author=Elisabetta Povoledo |date=July 20, 2024}}</ref>

A regulation taking effect on June 1, 2024, limits tour groups to 25 people and bans loudspeakers.<ref>[https://www.wbur.org/npr/1222393894/venice-tour-groups-loudspeakers Venice will limit tour groups to 25 people and ban loudspeakers to control tourism]</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Durbin |first1=Adam |title=Venice bans large tourist groups and loudspeakers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyjjy78n9zno |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref>