Editing Urinary tract infection (section)

===Medications===
[[File:Co-trimoxazole.JPG|thumb|Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole tablets, a commonly used antibiotic for UTI.]]
For those with recurrent infections, taking a short course of antibiotics when each infection occurs is associated with the lowest antibiotic use.<ref name=P2013/> A prolonged course of daily antibiotics is also effective.<ref name=Review08/> Medications frequently used include [[nitrofurantoin]] and [[trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]].<ref name=Sal2011/> Some recommend against prolonged use due to concerns of [[antibiotic resistance]].<ref name="P2013" /> [[Methenamine]] is another agent used for this purpose as in the bladder where the acidity is low it produces [[formaldehyde]] to which resistance does not develop.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title=Pharmacology |year=2009 |publisher= Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location= Philadelphia |isbn=9780781771559 |pages=397 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA397 |edition=4th |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160609210228/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA397&lpg=PA397 |archive-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> A UK study showed that methenamine is as effective daily low-dose antibiotics at preventing UTIs among women who experience recurrent UTIs. As methenamine is an antiseptic, it may avoid the issue of antibiotic resistance.<ref>{{cite journal |date=20 December 2022 |title=Methenamine is as good as antibiotics at preventing urinary tract infections |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/methenamine-as-good-as-antibiotics-preventing-urinary-tract-infections/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_55378 |s2cid=254965605 |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120170002/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/methenamine-as-good-as-antibiotics-preventing-urinary-tract-infections/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harding C, Mossop H, Homer T, Chadwick T, King W, Carnell S, Lecouturier J, Abouhajar A, Vale L, Watson G, Forbes R, Currer S, Pickard R, Eardley I, Pearce I, Thiruchelvam N, Guerrero K, Walton K, Hussain Z, Lazarowicz H, Ali A | title = Alternative to prophylactic antibiotics for the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: multicentre, open label, randomised, non-inferiority trial | journal = BMJ | volume = 376 | pages = e068229 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35264408 | pmc = 8905684 | doi = 10.1136/bmj-2021-0068229 }}</ref>

In cases where infections are related to intercourse, taking antibiotics afterwards may be useful.<ref name=Sal2011/> In post-menopausal women, [[topical]] vaginal [[estrogen]] has been found to reduce recurrence.<ref name="BeerepootGeerlings2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beerepoot M, Geerlings S | title = Non-Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Urinary Tract Infections | journal = Pathogens | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 36 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27092529 | pmc = 4931387 | doi = 10.3390/pathogens5020036 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Cochrane2008/> As opposed to topical creams, the use of vaginal estrogen from [[Pessary|pessaries]] has not been as useful as low dose antibiotics.<ref name=Cochrane2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Perrotta C, Aznar M, Mejia R, Albert X, Ng CW | title = Oestrogens for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in postmenopausal women | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 2 | pages = CD005131 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18425910 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005131.pub2 }}</ref> Antibiotics following short term urinary catheterization decreases the subsequent risk of a bladder infection.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marschall J, Carpenter CR, Fowler S, Trautner BW | title = Antibiotic prophylaxis for urinary tract infections after removal of urinary catheter: meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 346 | pages = f3147 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23757735 | pmc = 3678514 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.f3147 }}</ref> A number of [[UTI vaccine]]s are in development as of 2018.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Magistro G, Stief CG | title = Vaccine Development for Urinary Tract Infections: Where Do We Stand? | journal = European Urology Focus | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–41 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30093359 | doi = 10.1016/j.euf.2018.07.034 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Huttner A, Gambillara V | title = The development and early clinical testing of the ExPEC4V conjugate vaccine against uropathogenic Escherichia coli | journal = Clinical Microbiology and Infection | volume = 24 | issue = 10 | pages = 1046–1050 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 29803843 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.05.009 | doi-access = free }}</ref>